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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


D 


D 
D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


□    Covers  damaged/ 
C< 


Couverture  endommagde 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pelliculde 


r~~|    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  With  other  material/ 
Rel!6  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  sf  rrde  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  da  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int6rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  pcut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout^es 
tors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmdes. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  mellleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m^thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 


I      I    Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  andommag^es 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pelllcul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxe( 
Pages  d6color4es,  tacheties  ou  piqu^es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtachdes 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Qualiti  in^gale  de  i'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materii 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


I — I  Pages  damaged/ 

r~l^  Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

[~y|  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

I      I  Pages  detached/ 

I    "I  Showthrough/ 

I      I  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I  Includes  supplementary  material/ 

I — I  Only  edition  available/ 


T 

si 


IV 
di 
er 
b^ 

"1 
re 
m 


D 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  filmtes  d  nouveau  de  fapon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


Q    Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl^mentaires: 


Map  is  a  photoraproduction. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmi  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

/ 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  the  Public 
Archives  of  Canada 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grflce  d  la 
ginirosit*  de: 

La  bibiiothdque  des  Archives 
publiques  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Las  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  I'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  nre  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim6e  sont  filmis  en  commen^ant 
par  le  ptemier  plat  et  en  torminant  solt  par  la 
dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  emprelnte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmte  en  commenpant  par  la 
premlAre  page  qui  comporte  una  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microtiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^>  (meaning  'XON- 
TINUED"),  or  the  Rymbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  la 
cas:  le  symbols  ^»>  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvenr  dtre 
film6s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  11  est  filmA  A  partir 
de  I'angle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


1  2  3 


12  3 

4  5  6 


;■(■ 


I- 


nin 


I.  \ 


TRAVELLERS'  HAND  BOOK 

'  -   ■ 

,         /;    STATE  OF  NEW  YORK.  \ 

THE    PROVINCE   OF    CANADA, 

■/>■■■■"       •  \,         -    ,    . 

PARTS  OF  THE  ADJOINING  STATES i 

CONTAIM.NCJ 

BRir.r  AC(  OUNTS  OF  THE   TOWNS.  THFJR  PVri.lC   BriI.DINGS 
AtiD    OTHKR    Olijr.CTS    OF    INTKRKST — NATURAL    A>'D 
ARTIFICIAI.  CURIOSITIES — HISTORICAL  MEMORAN- 
DA— MODF.S  OF  CONVEYAKCK — TAKLES  OF  DIS- 
TANCES EY  RAILROAD. CANAL,  STAGE, AND 
RIVER  ROUTK8  IN  EVERY  DIRECTION  : 

THE  wnoLi:  arranced  ox  a  new  plan. 

Br  WHICH  EVEHV  INTERKSTING   OBJECT  O.N  THE  LEADLVO 
BOVTES  IS  BROUOHT  INTO  VIEW. 

WITH   MAPS     ETC. 


u 


Third  Kdition. 


BY  H.  s.  ta]vxe:r. 


NEW  YORK; 

rVVLISHLS  AT  THE  GEOGRAPHICAL  EMABLISK.MENT, 
S.  E.  corner  of  Fulton  aiml  Nassau  streoU, 

1845. 


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Jlntered  nccor.ling  to  net  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1843,  by  H. 
fc!.  Tnnner,  in  the  Clerk's  office  of  the  District  Court  for  tl.« 
{Southern  District  of  Kew  York. 


.'  .-f' 


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^ 


PREFACE. 


Among  the  multitude  of  Guides,  Directories 
vind  Tourists  in  wliich  our  book-stores  abound, 
there  is  scarcely  any  that  presents  that  syste- 
matic arrangement  and  perspicuity  which  are 
60  desirable  to  the  traveller  and  tourist.— 
Whilst  most  of  the  works  now  extant  are  re- 
plete with  important  and  interestingy«c<5,  they 
are,  without  exception,  defective  in  point  of  ar- 
rangement, and  in  regard  to  the  relative  im- 
portance of  the  several  objects  brought  into 
view.  In  the  present  work,  an  endeavor  hag 
been  made  so  to  digest  its  varied  contents,  as 
to  enable  the  tourist  to  examine,  seriatim^  every 
object  of  interest  along  the  route  he  may  select, 
and  thus  to  ascertain  what  is  most  deserving  of 
his  attention :  for  example,  assuming  the  city 
of  Albany  as  one  of  the  radiating  points,  a  brief 
account  of  the  city  and  its  interesting  objects, 
modes  of  conveyance,  &c.  is  given:  then  follow 
tables  of  distances  from  Albany  to  another  point 
of  departure — Utica,  for  instance — and  then  a 
concise  description  of  e^ch  intermediate  place 
of  any  importance,  with  directions  to  such  cu- 


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PREFACE. 


■\ 


rioiltlcs  la  and  around  eacfh  as  should  not  be 
overlooked  by  an  intelligent  inquirer.  In  this 
manner  every  leading  route  by  railroad  or 
otherwise,  is  concisely,  and,  it  is  hoped,  satis- 
factorily treated.  One  of  the  most  important 
features  of  the  present  work,  is  hreiily  ;  a 
quality  that,  we  are  sure,  cannot  fail  to  recom- 
mend it  to  the  favorable  attention  of  the  travel- 
ler, who  is,  whilst  in  transitu^  unable  or  at  least 
unwilling  to  enter  into  those  elaborate  and  fa- 
tiguing details,  which  disfigure  most  similar 
works.  In  conclusion,  the  author  has  sedulous- 
ly endeavored  to  construct  such  a  work  as  he 
himself  has  often  felt  the  want  of  whilst  travel- 
ling, and  such  a  one  as  would  naturally  sug- 
gest itself  to  the  mind  of  any  intelligent  tra- 
veller. 


1 1 


■%" 


4- 


^l)t  (IfraDclkrB*  1!)a\\ii  Book- 


i 


Generat.  View. — The  state  of  Ncw-York  extends 
pver  4J^'  of  lat.  and  nearly  7°  of  longitude,  the  whole 
forrninganoutiincof  about  1,400  miles  in  length,  which 
encloses  an  area  of  49,000  square  miles ;  having  N.  Ca- 
nada; W.  Pennsylvania  and  Lakes  Ontario  and  Erie  ; 
S.  Pennsylvania  and  New- Jersey  ; -and  E.  Connecti- 
cut, Massachusetts  and  Vermont.  Its  population,  by 
the  national  census  of  1840,  was  2,428,921,  as  fol. 
lowi  :  Albany  County,  68,593,  of  which  Albany  is  the 
capital;  Allegany,  40,975,  cap.  Angelica;  Broome, 
22,338,  cap.  Binghamton ;  Cattaraugus,  28,872, 
cap.  Ellicottsville ;  Cayuga,  50,338,  cap.  Auburn  ; 
Chatauque,  47,975,  cap.  Mayville ;  Chemung,  20,735, 
cap.  Elmira  ;  Chenango,  40,785,  cap.  Norwich ; 
Clinton,  28.157,  cap.  Plattsburg ;  Columbia,  43,252, 
cap.  Hudson  ;  Cortland,  24,607,  cap.  Cortland  ;  De- 
laware, 35,396,  cap.  Delhi ;  Dutchess,  52,398,  cap. 
Poughkeepsie ;  Erie,  62,465,  caj..  Buffalo ;  Essex, 
23,634,  cap.  Elizabeth;  FrankUn,  16,518,  cap.  Ma- 
lone  ;  Fulton,  18,049,  cap.  Johnstown  ;  Genesee, 
29,924,  cap.  Batavia ;  Greene,  30,446,  cap.  Catskill ; 
Hamilton,  1,907,  cap.  Lake  Pleasant;  Herkimer, 
37,474,  cap.  Herkimer ;  Jefferson,  60,984,  cap. 
Watertown ;  Kings,  47,613,  cap.  Brooklyn;  Lewis, 
17,830,  cap.  Marlinsburg  ;  Livingston,  35,140,  cap. 
Geneseo;  Madison,  40,008,  cap.  Morrisville;  Mon- 
roe, 64,902,  cap-  Rochester;  Montgomery,  35,818, 
cap.  Fonda;  Niagara,  31,132,  cap.  Lockport;  New- 
York,  312,710,  cap.  New. York ;  Oneida,  85,310, 
cap. Utica;  Onondaga,  67,911,  cap.  Syracuse;  On. 
tario,  43,501,  cap.  Canandaigua;  Orange,  50,739, 

1* 


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8TATE    or    >E'JV-TORjr. 


cop.  Goshen  ;  Organs,  25,127,  cap.  Albion  ;  Oswe-i 
go,  43,G19,  cap.  Pulaski ;  Otsego,  49,628,  cap.  Coo- 
perstown;  Putnam,  12,825,  cap.  Carmel ;  Queens, 
30,324,  cap.  North  Hempated  ;  Rensselaer,  60,259, 
cap.  Troy  J  Jlichmond,  10,965,  cap.  Richmond; 
Rockland,  11,975,  cap.  New  City  ;  St.  Lawrence, 
56,706,  cap.  Canton  ;  Sar-.to^a,  40,553,  cap.  Bailston 
Spa  ;  Schenectady  17,387,  cap.  Schenectady  ;  Sene- 
ca, 24,874,  cap.  Ovid  ;  Steuben,  46,138,  cap.  Bath  ; 
Suffolk,  32,469,  cap.  Riverhead ;  Sullivan,  15.629, 
cap.  Momicello }  Tiogo,  20,527,  cap.  Owego  j  'i\)mp- 
kins,  37,948,  cap.  Ithaca  ;  Ulster,  45,822,  cap.  Kings- 
ton ;  Warren,  13,442,  cap.  Caldwell ;  Washington, 
41,080  cap.  Salem  ;  Wayne,  42,057,  cap.  Lyons ; 
Westchester,  48,686,  capitol  Bedford ;  Wyoming, 
29,663,  cap.  Warsaw  ;  Yates,  20,444,  cap.  Pennyan, 

Physical  Structure. — The  state,  intersected  by 
several  mountain  chains,  presents  a  great  diversity  of 
Boil  and  climate.  Though  the  western  parts  are  less 
broken  than  those  of  the  east  and  north,  yet  the  en- 
tire surface,  with  partial  exceptions,  is  either  hilly  or 
mountainous. 

The  Hudson  flows  from  a  mountainous  region,  and 
is  precipitated  into  a  deep  valley,  at  or  near  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Mohawk.  The  Hudson  valley  is  ono 
of  the  most  remarkable  in  the  hydrography  of  the 
United  States.  From  the  Mohawk  to  Sandy  Hook 
it  may  be  regarded  as  a  long  narrow  bay  rather  than 
a  river.  The  banks  are,  for  the  most  part,  abrupt, 
rising  in  some  places  to  the  height  of  1200  or  1500 
feet ;  in  many  parts  precipitous,  as  at  the  palisades,  a 
few  miles  above  the  city  of  New- York,  and  scarcely 
ever  less  than  100  or  200  feet  above  the  surface  of 
the  river.  The  pass,  known  as  the  Highlands,  is 
flanked  on  both  sides  by  enormous  walls  of  nearly 
vertical  rock,  which  presents  every  variety  of  form. 
The  rude  and  deep  valleys  that  intervene  between 
the  gigantic  prominences,  the  dense  and  almost  im- 
peneirable  forests  by  which  they  are  covered,  and  the 


*■• 


^■- 


STATE    OF    NEW-YORK. 


tween 
)t  im- 
idtho 


majestic  grandeur  of  the  mountain  peaks,  afTord  ono 
of  the  most  impressive  landscapes  to  be  found  in  na-. 
turo.  Here  the  great  primitive  ranges  pass  the  Hud- 
son, and  here  only  do  the  ocean  tides  penetrate  into 
the  vast  interior  plains  of  the  United  States.  The 
ridges  of  which  wo  are  speaking,  after  leaving  the 
Hudson,  deflect  towards  the  north,  pass  through 
Dutchess  County  into  Massachusetts,  thence  inta 
Vermont,  where  they  are  known  as  the  ••  Green 
Mountains,"  and  thence  into  Canada. 

The  range  forming  the  N.  W.  limits  of  Sullivan 
and  Ulster,  passes  into  Greene,  where  it  attains 
its  greatest  elevation  ;  and  thence  through  Schoharie, 
Otsego,  Herkimer,  and  Montgomery,  crosses  the 
Mohawk  by  the  Little  Falls,  enters  Herkimer,  as. 
Buming  the  name  of  Sacondago,  and  finally  crosses 
the  St.  Lawrence  at  the  *'  Thousand  Islands."  One 
of  the  lateral  ridges  of  this  group  extends  towards  the 
north,  and  attains  to  the  height  of  upwards  of  5.000 
feet :  Mount  Marcy,  the  culminating  point,  is  said 
to  be  5,467  feet  high.  The  Catskill  group,  the  next 
in  point  of  elevation,  rises  to  its  greatest  height  a 
few  miles  west  of  the  town  of  Catskill.  Its  principal 
peak,  the  Round  Top,  is  3,804,  and  Pine  Orchard 
House,  a  celebrated  place  of  resort,  is  3,000  feet  above 
the  adjacent  river.  All  the  subordinate  chains  east 
of  the  Hudson  pursue  a  course  nearly  north. 

Nearly  the  whole  of  the  northern  part  of  the  state, 
comprehending  Fulton,  Warren,  Essex,  Hamilton, 
Herkimer  and  parts  of  Montgomery,  Saratoga, Wash- 
ington, Clinton,  Franklin,  St.  Lawrence,  Lewis,  and 
Oneida  Counties,  belongs  to  the  primitive  formation  ; 
as  does  also  the  south  eastern  portion,  embracing  parts 
of  Orange,  Ulster,  Greene,  Putnam,  Dutchess,  Colum- 
bia, Rensselaer,  and  some  other  counties. .  These  two 
groupj  are  separated  by  an  elongated  deposit  of  sedi- 
mentary  rocks.  The  first  mentioned  is  flanked  on  the 
S.  E.  by  a  spur  of  the  lower  transition ;  on  th-j  N.  E.  by 
tertiary,  and  on  all  sides  by  transition  rocks.    It  is 


t 


V 


•  I 


. 


9  STATE    OF    NEW-YORK. 

composed  of  grnnitc,  gnniss,  primitivo  limestone,  hy-_ 
persilieno,  scrpontino  nrul  Hionitc  :  these,  with  tho 
addition  of  iiiica  and  tnlcose  slates,  Utnn  iho  second 
group.  Willi  some  exceptions  the  remaininff  por- 
tions of  the  state  miiy  be  referred  to  the  transilioa 
and  the  old  red  sandstone  series.  Tho  first  is  com- 
posed of  sandstone,  siialcs,  limestone  grit,  salt,  {zvp- 
sum,  iron  ore,  conglomerates,  &-c.  ;  and  tho  latter  of 
micaceous  shales  of  various  hues,  sandatunea,  con- 
glomerates, trap,  grits,  Slc.  The  Catskill  Moun- 
tains occupy  the  principal  field  of  the  old  red  sand- 
stone, which  is  here  largely  developed.  These 
several  ^ormaiions  abound  in  their  appropriate  mine- 
rals and  fossils.  In  the  primitive  are  found  iron  ore 
in  great  abundance,  both  magnetic  and  specular  ox- 
ides ;  Oies  of  copper,  lead,  and  zinc  have  been  found , 
but,  with  partial  exceptions,  have  not  been  wrought 
to  much  advantage.  In  the  transition  rocks  arc 
found  salt  in  solution,  which  is  manufactured  to  a 
great  extent,  chiefly  in  Onondaga  county  ;  gypsum, 
water  hme,  argillaceous  oxide  of  iron,  hmonite,  mar- 
ble, several  varieties,  silicious  sandstone,  a  valuable 
material  for  building  ;  slates  and  red  sandstone  of  va- 
rious textures.  Peat  and  marl  arc  more  generally  dif- 
fused. The  principal  fossil  remains  of  this  group  are 
the  atrypas,  bellerophon,  calymene,  isotelus,  &,c. 

The  plains  of  New- York  are  few  m  number,  and 
limited  in  extent :  the  principal  are,  one  on  the  east. 
em  end  of  Long  Island;  a  long  narrow  strip  on  the 
south  side  of  Lake  Ontario ;  a  few  alluvial  bottoms 
along  some  of  the  streams,  and  in  the  elevated  table 
lands  of  the  mountain  region.  The  principal  ZaAre^ 
are,  Ontario  and  JSrre,  the  former  of  which  is  com- 
mon to  New- York  and  Canada,  and  the  latter  to  N. 
York,  Ohio,  Canada,  and  Michigan  ;  Lake  Cham. 
plaiUi  which  forms  a  i)art  of  the  boundary  between 
New- York  and  Vermont;  Lake  George^  a  tributary 
of  the  preceding ;  Black  Lake  ;  Oneida  Lake  ;  Cay^. 
vga  Lake ;  Seneca^  Canandaiguay  SkaneateleSf  and 


■^ 


STATE    0/   NEW-YOJRK.  J 

Cronlicd  Lakes,  near  tlio  centre  of  the  state  ;  Chau- 
tnuque,  Lon^,  Oicasco,  Uacket^  Otsego,  &c.  The 
Jiivcr^  consist  of  llio  Hudson,  which  risea  in  the 
northern  part  of  tlie  state,  runs  in  a  /j^encrul  S.  K. 
C0UI8C  to  Sandy  liill,  and  thence  due  S.  to  its  dis. 
chur^'e  into  the  Athmtic  Ocoan,  310  niilt.'S  in  length, 
'i'he  Mohawk,  whicli  unitoa  with  the  Hudson  a  few 
miles  above  Albany,  is  the  only  branch  of  the  latter 
worthy  of  notice,  150  miles.  Tiie  St.  Lawrence 
wudhcs  the  N.  W.  quarter  of  the  state  for  about  100 
miles,  forniin;^  the  boundary  between  New- York  and 
Canada  west. 

The  chief  afiluenta  of  this  portion  of  the  St.  Lnw- 
rence  are, — liucket,  145,  Osioegalchie,  140,  and 
Black  Rivers,  125  miles  in  length  ;  which  rise  in  the 
high  grounds  near  the  sources  of  the  Hudson.  Thoso 
of  Lake  Ontario  are,  Oswego  and  Genesee,  150  miles 
in  length  ;  and  of  Lake  Erie,  Buffalo  Creek,  40  miles 
lonir.  TiiC  southern  portion  of  the  State  is  watered 
by  the  sources  of  the  Delaware  and  Susquehanna, 
rivers  of  the  Atlantic,  and  those  of  the  Alleghany, 
which  flows  into  the  Ohio  at  Pittsburg,  Pa.  Tho 
minor  rivers  are, — Beaver,  Canisteo,  Chateaugai/t 
Grass,  Indian,  St.  Regis,  Sacondaga,  &c. 

Islands. — Long  and  Staten  Islands;  the  former 
about  150  miles  long,  and  of  a  mean  breadth  of  18 
miles;  and  the  latter  18  by  13  miles,  are  situated  in 
the  S.  E.  quarter  of  tho  State  i  and  Grand  Island,  in 
the  Strait  of  Niagara. 

The  Water  Falls  are  those  of  Niagara,  Trenton, 
Genesee,  Cohoes,  &,c.;  oil  which  will  be  described 
hereafter. 

Railways. — The  principal  Railways,  finished  or 
in  the  course  of  execution,  are  : — 

1.  The  New  York  and  Erie  ;  from  Tappan,  (now 
called  Piermont,)  on  the  Hudson,  25  nule^  above 
Now- York,  to  Dunkirk,  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake 
Erie,  445  miles. 

2.  Mohaiok  and  Hudion;  from  Albany  to  Schcn 
nectady,  16  miles. 


10 


STATE    OF    NEW-YORK. 


Ill: 


3.  Ulica  and  Schenectady^  77  miles. 

4.  Syracuse  and  Utica,  53  miles.  ^ 

5.  ^MftMr,;  an<Z  Syracuse^  26  miles. 

.    6.  Auburn  and  Rochester^  78  miles. 

7.  Tunawanda ;  from  Rochester  to  Attica,  42  miles, 

8.  Attica  and  Buffalo,  31  miles. 

The  Railways  numbered  from  2  to  8,  inclusive, 
fprm  a  continuous  line  from  Albany  to  Buffalo ; 
whencp  there  is  a  railway,  23  miles  in  length,  to 
Niagara  Falls. 

9.  Albany  and  West  Slockhridge ;  from  Green- 
bush,"  on  the  Hudson,  opposite  Albany,  to  West 
Stockbridge,  in  Massachusetts,  38  miles. 

This  work,  in  connection  with  the  West6rn  and 
die  Boston  and  Worcester  railways,  of  Massachu- 
setts, form  an  uninterrupted  railway  from  Albany 
to  Boston. 

10.  Hudson  and  Berkshire;  a  branch  of  the  pre- 
ceding,  34  miles  in  length. 

11.  Saratoga  and  Schenectady,  22  miles.  This, 
with  No.  2,  constitutes  the  line  from  Albany  to  Sa- 
ratoga Springs. 

12.  Rensselaer  and  Saratoga;  from  Troy  to  BalU 
fiton,  Spa.,  where  it  intersects  No.  11. 

13.  Schenectady  and  Troy,  20  miles. 

14.  Catskill  and  Canojoharie,  78  miles. 

15.  Ithaca  and  Owego,  28  miles. 

IG.  Corning  and  Blossburg ;  from  Corning,  on 
the  Susquehanna,  to  Blossburg,  Pa. 

17.  Lockport  and  Niagara  Falls,  24  miles. — 
(Travellers  on  the  Erie  Canal,  destined  for  the  Falls, 
take  the  cars  at  Lockport.) 

18.  Skaneateles ;  from  Skaneateles  to  Elbridge, 
5i  miles. 

19.  New-York  ana  Harlem;  from  .New  York  to 
White  plains,  28  miles. 

Canals. — 1.  Ene;  from  Albany  through  Sche- 
nectady,  Utica,  Rome,  Montezuma,  Rochester,  and 
Lockport,  to  Buffalo,  363  miles. 


•*■ 


STATE    OF    NEW-YORK. 


11 


2.  Champlain;  branches  ofTfrom  the  Erie  Canal,  8 
miles  from  Albany,  and  extends  to  Whitehall,  on 
Lake  Champlain,  64  miles.  Glenn's  Falls  feeder 
12  miles. 

3.  Black  Jiiver;  also  a  branch  of  No.  1,  from 
Rome  to  the  High  Falls  of  Black  River,  in  Oneida 
and  Lewis  counties,  36  m.     Boonville  Feeder  10  m. 

4.  Cayuga  and  Seneca ;  from  Geneva  to  Monte- 
zuma, 23  miles. 

5.  Chenango;  a  branch  of  No.  .1,  from  Utica  to 
Binghamton,  97  miles. 

6.  Genesee  Valley;  a  branch  of  No.  1,  from  Ro- 
chester to  Olean,  on  the  Alleghany  river,  108  miles. 
Dansville  Branch  12  miles. 

7.  Oswego ;  a  branch  of  No.  1,  from  Syracuse  to 
Oswego,  on  Lake  Ontario,  38  miles. 

8.  Hudson  and  Delaware;  from  Eddy^lle,  near 
Kingston,  on  the  Hudson,  to  Honesdale,  Pa.,  108 
miles. 

9.  Chemung;  from  Jefferson,  at  the  head  of  Sen- 
eca Lake,  to  Elmira,  on  the  Tioga  branch  of  the 
Susquehanna,  23  miles.  Feeder  from  Fairport  ta 
Corning,  16  miles. 

10.  Crooked  Lake;  from  Penn  Yan  to  Dresden, 
8  miles. 

Cities  and  Chief  Towns  — New  York^  the  great 
Metropolis,  312,710  inhabitants  ;  Brooklyn,  36,283  ; 
Albany,  33,721 ;  Rochester,  20,191 ;  Troy-  19,334; 
Buffalo,  18,213;  Utica,  12,782;  Poughkeepsie, 
10,006;  Lockport,  9,125;  Newburgh,  8,933;  Sche^ 
nectady,  6,784;  Plattsburg,  6,416;  Auburn,  5,626; 
Ithaca,  5,650 ;  Catskill,  5,339 ;  Williamsburg^ 
5,094 ;  Oswego,  4,665 ;  Geneva,  4,368 ;  Batavia, 
4,219;  Saratoga  Springs,  3,384. 

Government. — The  Governor  and  Lieutenant  Gov. 
ernor  aro  elected  every  two  years.  The  latter  is  Pre- 
sident of  the  Seimte,  which  consists  of  32,  and  the 
House  of  Assembly  of  128  members.  The  former 
Are  elected  for  fQur  yeftrs  and  the  latter  for  one  year. 


I 


•      12 


StATF    OF    NEW-TOnKi 


) 


I    i! 


M 


I   I 


*»,  ■ 


For  the  election  of  Senators  the  State  is  divided 
into  eight  districts,  each  of  which  chooses  four  Sen. 
ators,  one  of  whom  is  elected  every  year.  The  mem- 
bcrs  of  the  Lower  House  are  elected  by  counties, 
and  are  apportioned  according  to  population.  The 
general  election  is  held  in  October  or  November,  as 
the  Legislature  may  direct,  which  meets  on  the  first 
Tuesday  in  January. 

The  Chancellor  and  Judges  are  appointed  by  the 
Governor  and  Senate.  The  former,  and  the  Justi- 
ces of  the  Supreme  and  Circuit  Courts,  hold  their  of- 
fices during  cood  behavior,  but  not  after  they  attain 
the  age  of  sixty  years.  The  Judges  of  the  County 
Courts  hold  their  offices  for  a  term  of  five  years. 

The  right  of  suffrage  is  accorded  to  every  white 
male  who  has  attained  the  age  of  21  years,  and  resi- 
ded in  the  State  onj  year  next  preceding  the  election, 
and  six  months  in  the  county.  Men  of  color  who 
possess  an  unencumbered  freehold  estate  of  the  value 
of  $250  are  entitled  to  vote. 

History. — The  leading  features  in  the  early  His- 
tory of  this  now  important  State  is  the  navigation  of 
the  Hudson,  in  1609,  by  Henry  Hudson,  an  EngHsh- 
man,  in  the  service  of  the  Dutch  East  India  Com- 
pany.  Settlements  on  the  river  soon  followed,  when 
Fort  Orange  (Albany)  was  erected. 

In  1612  settlements  were  made  by  Dutch  emi- 
grants on  Manhattan  Island,  chiefiy  alonsrits  southern 
shore,  to  which  they  gave  the  name  of  "  New  Amster- 
dam." The  colony,  under  the  title  of  the  '*  New 
Netherlands,"  soon  began  to  flourish,  and  accord- 
ingly attracted  the  attention  of  the  EngHsh,  who  now 
claimed  a  prior  right  to  the  country,  but  ultimately 
reUnquished'tlie  claim,  when  the  New  Netherland- 
^rs  were  permitted  to  enlarge  their  settlements  with- 
out  further  disturbance  at  that  time.  They  were, 
however,  greatly  annoyed  by  the  Swedes  on  the  Del- 
award  and  the  English  settlers  in  the  East,  with 
whom  border  contests  were  of  frequent  occurrence. 


\,' 


w   ^ 


.*:■, 


■# 


STATE    or    NF.W-YORK,  \^ 

One  of  the  results  of  this  condition  of  things  waa  the 
relinquishment  of  a  part  of  Long  Island  to  the  En- 
plish,  in  1650.  Stimulated  by  this  important  acqui. 
sition,  the  English  renewed  their  claim,  and  in  1664 
the  entire  country  was  granted  to  the  Duke  of  York 
and  Albany,  by  his  brother,  King  Charles  11.  The 
Dutch,  unable  to  resist  the  force  sent  against  them, 
surrendered  to  Colonel  Nichols,  who  at  once  assumed 
the  government,  and  changed  the  name  of  the  Prov- 
ince to  New  York.  In  1673,  during  the  contest  with 
the  English,  the  Dutch  regained  possession  of  the 
colony ;  but,  on  the  termination  of  hostilities,  in  the 
following  year,  was  restored  to  the  English,  with 
whom  it  continued  until  wrested  from  them  by  the 
revolution  of  1776.  In  1683  the  first  Colonial  Asi 
sembly  met  and  assumed  the  exclusive  power  of 
enacting  laws  and  levying  taxes.  During  the  revolu- 
tion, which  succeeded  the  accession  of  the  Duke  of 
York  to  the  throne  of  England,  the  Colonists  took 
forcible  possession  of  the  fort,  and  declared  for  thfe 
Prince  of  Orange ;  and  Jacob  Leisler,  a  prominent 
leader  in  the  movement,  assumed  the  office  of  Gov- 
ernor. He  maintained  his  authority  for  a  time  against 
&11  opposition  ;  but,  owing  to  his  arbitrary  and  unjust 
proceedings,  was,  after  several  bloody  conflicts,  com^ 
pelled  to  surrender  the  government  into  the  hands  of 
Colonel  Slaughter,  who  had  been  appointed  Gover- 
nor by  King  William  ;  and  who  caused  Leisler  to  be 
apprehended.  He  and  one  of  his  accomplices,  na- 
med Milbourne,  were  executed  soon  after ;  though, 
as  it  appears,  contrary  to  the  intentions  of  the  Gover- 
nor, who  designed  to  pardon  them.  Nothing  of  mo- 
ment occurred  to  disturb  the  Colonists  during  the 
period  from  the  revolution  in  England,  in  1668,  down 
to  1741,  when  they  were  thrown  into  great  alarm  by 
a  supposed  plot  of  the  blacks  to  burn  the  city ;  which« 
however,  appears  to  have  been  unfounded. 

'In  1765  the  City  of  New  York  was  the  seat  of  a 
Continental  Congress^  and  in  1776  it  was  occupied 


.    *'■  '    ,■ 


14 


.      CITT    OF    NEW-YORK. 


ill-- 


by  the  E'itish,  who  retained  possession  until  Novem- 
ber 25,  1783.  In  1785  Congress  met  here,  and  in 
1789  the  first  Congress  under  the  new  Constitution 
assembled,  when  the  first  President  was  inaugurated 
in  New. York. 

During  the  contests  with  the  French  in  Canada, 
and  the  more  recent  wars  between  the  Americans 
and  British,  New  York  became  the  field  of  important 
conflicts ;  and  the  entire  State  may  hence  be  reg'atded 
as  classic  ground.  Some  brief  accounts  of  those  con.^ 
flicts  will  be  given  hereifter,  in  their  appropriate 
places. 

Education. — There  are,  in  the  State,  several  insti- 
tutions, established  by  law  for  the  promotion  of  know- 
ledge ;  the  chief  of  which  are  : — 

A  State  University,  located  in  the  city ;  Univer~ 
sity  of  the  City  of  New  York;  Union  College^  in 
Schenectaday ;  Hamilton  College,  in  Oneida  County; 
Geneva  Colles^e,  to  which  a  Medical  Department  is 
attached ;  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  iii 
the  city ;  Albany  Medical  College ;  New  York  In^ 
Hitutionfor  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  a  few  miles  above 
the  cityj  Institution  for  the  Blind.  There  are,  also, 
distributed  over  the  State,  140  Academies  and  a  vast 
number  of  Common  or  Primary  Schools.  The  fundi 
for  the  support  of  the  latter  exceeds  $3,000,000. 


'/  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK. 

New- York,  the  Metropolis  of  the  State,  ahd  the 
most  populous,  wealthy,  and  commercial  city  of  the 
Union,  is  situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Hudson 
and  f^aet  rivers,  dn  one  of  the  finest  harbors  in  the 
country ;  in  N.  Lat.  40°  42'  40'^  and  E.  Long.  2° 
64'  30''  from  the  Capitol,  at  Washington ;  having  5. 
the  strait  called.  EiEist  riVer,  which  separated  it  frooi 


N     • 


CITY    or    NEW-TORK. 


15 


from 


Long  Island  and  unites  the  bay  of  New  York  with 
Long  Island  sound ;  W.  the  Hudson,  which  forms 
a  part  of  the  boundary  between  the  States  of  New- 
York  and  New-.Tersey ;  S.  New- York  bay  ;  N.  Spuy- 
ten  Duyvel  creek  and  Harlem  river. 

The  city,  properly  so  called,  or  that  portion  of  the 
island  where  the  population  is  mostly  concentra- 
ted, occupies  the  southern  quarter  of  Manhattan  or 
New. York  island  ;  the  whole  of  which,  including 
the  villages  of  Harlem,  Bloomingdale,  Yorkville,  and 
Manhattanville,  together  with  somo  adjacent  islands, 
are  under  the  exclusive  jurisdiction  of  the  City  Cor- 
poration, and  constitute  the  County  of  New- York. 
According  to  the  census  of  1840,  the  city,  with  the 
suburbs  just  mentioned,  contained  312,710  inhab. 
itants.  The  population  at  this  time,  (September, 
1843),  no  doubt  exceeds  350,000.  The  densely  built 
part  of  the  island,  or  "the  city,"  has  an  outline  of 
nearly  12  miles  in  length.  The  principal  street, 
Broadway,  in  which  most  of  the  retail  fancy  business 
is  transacted,  is  a  splendid  street,  80  feet  in  width, 
extending  northward  from  the  Battery  to  Union  Park, 
a  distance  of  nearly  three  miles. 

Nearly  the  whole  of  the  lower  part  of  the  city  is 
davoted  to  commerce  and  its  kindred  pursuits  ;  and^ 
since  the  establishment  of  omnibuses,  which  now 
traverse  every  part  of  the  city,  merchants  and  others 
doing  business  in  that  quarter  have  their  residences 
in  the  upper  or  more  modern  portion  of  the  town. 

The  streets  in  the  old  part  of  the  city  arc  mostly  ir- 
regular and  narrow;  but  those  of  a  more  recent  date 
are  generally  straight,  wide,  and  well  paved,  and  in- 
tersect each  other  at  right  angles. 

In  the  early  stages  of  the  city,  narrow,  inconve- 
nient and  ill  paved  streets,  lined  with  dull,  heavy  look- 
ing buildings,  were  its  characteristic  features  ;  but  so 
great  is  the  alteration  in  these  respects,  that  at  pre- 
sent but  few  cities  can  boast  of  wider  or  handsomer 
streets,  more  sumptuous  public  buildings,  or  better 
Constructed  and  splendid  private  dwellings. 


■J  ■' ,»  '■: 


16 


CITY    OP    NEW'YOP.K. 


Wall.fitreet  is  almost  exclusively  occupied  by  the 
Banks,  Brokers,  and  others  engaged  in  fiscal  opera- 
tions;  Pearl-street,  by  the  Dry  Goods  and  Hardware 
Merchants  ;  Front-street,  by  the  Wholesale  Grocers, 
Commission  Merchants,  &,c.;  and  South-street,  by 
persons  engaged  in  Foreign  Commerce.  The  Third 
AvennCf  a  continuation  of  the  Bowery,  is  the  prin- 
cipal outlet  towards  the  N.  E.  It  is  Macadamized 
as  far  as  Harlem,  a  distance  of  about  7  miles,  and  is 
one  of  the  finest  paved  ways  in  the  country.  Fourth, 
Fifth,  Sixth,  Seventh,  and  Eighth  Avenues  are  wide, 
}iandsome,  and  par'.ially  paved. 

New- York  is  supplied  with  an  abundance  of  excel, 
lent  water,  by  means  of  a  capacious  aqueduct,  which 
conveys  the  water  of  the  Croton  river,  a  branch  of 
the  Hudson,  a  distance  of  nearly  43  miles.  This 
magnificent  work,  which  has  been  effected  chiefly 
through  the  exertions  of  the  Corporation  and  the  pub- 
lic spirit  of  the  citizens,  will  have  cost,  when  entirely 
completed,  not  less  than  .$12. 000,000.  (For  an 
elaborate  description  of  the  Croton  Aqueduct,  see 
Tanner's  Account  of  the  laternal  Improvements  of 
the  United  States.) 

There  arc  two  Gas  Companies,  which  supply  gas, 
not  only  to  the  streets,  chops,  and  factories,  but  also 
to  many  private  dwellings. 

Besides  the  Park,  Union  Square,  ^c,  which  will 
be  noticed  presently,  there  are  several  other  public 
walks  in  various  parts  of  the  city,  as  Washington 
Square,  near  the  University ;  Tompkins' Square,  in 
the  N.  E.  quarter  of  the  city  ;  University  Place,  St. 
John's  Parkf  &.c. 

New- York  Bay,  the  recipient  of  the  noble  Hudson, 
communicates  with  the  Atlantic  ocean  by  three  dis- 
tinct channels,  to  wit: — one  by  the  "Narrows,"  at 
the  point  of  nearest  contact  of  Long  and  Staten  isl- 
ands, which  conducts  into  what  is  termed  the  Low^r 
Bay,  and  thence  past  Sandy  Hook  and  the  S.  W.  end 
of  Long  Island  into  the  ocean ;  one  through  Kill  Van 


#■  -,--. 


iiW'^-.  «- 


.„.i,  ji,  \ 


CITY    OP    NEW  YORK. 


17 


Kuhl,  or  "  the  Kills,"  Staten  island  sound,  and  Am- 
boy  bay,  and  one  through  the  East  river  and  Long 
island  sound ;  which  form  a  navigable  communica- 
tion between  the  city  a'^d  the  populous  towns  on  the 
shores  of  Long  island,  Connecticut,  and  Rhode  isl- 
and. The  first  is  used  almost  exclusively  by  vessels 
engaged  in  the  foreign  trade,  and  those  destined  for  a 
southern  port.  The  Hudson,  one  of  the  finest  nav- 
igable streams  in  the  world,  affords  an  uninterrupted 
water  communication  with  the  towns  of  Newburg, 
Poughkeepsie,  Catskill,  Hudson,  Albany,  Troy,  &c., 
and  through  them  with  a  vast  extent  .of  country  in 
every  direction.  There  are  several  small  islands  in 
the  bay,  below  the  city ;  which,  with  their  castles  and 
forts,  givg  additional  beauty  to  the  scene.  No  spec- 
tacle can  be  finer  than  that  presented  by  the  harbor, 
thus  studded  with  green  islands,  when  viewed  in  con- 
'  nection  with  the  city,  with  its  lofty  spires,  domes,  and 
shipping.  The  high  grounds  on  Staten  Island  and 
those  of  Brooklyn  afford  suc^  a  view. 

The  Battery,  an  enclosure  which  is  situated  on 
the  extreme  southern  point  of  the  island,  forms  one 
of  the  most  delightful  promenades  of  the  city.  It  is 
a  place  of  great  resort,  and  is  occasionally  used  by 
the  military,  on  gala  days.  "  Castle  Garden,"  a  sort 
of  appendage  of  the  Battery,  with  which  it  communi- 
cates by  a  draw-bridge,  is  also  much  frequented. 

The  Bowling  Green,  a  small  oval  area,  near  the 
Battery,  has  recently  become  an  object  of  attention, 
in  consequence  of  the  erection  of  a  beautiful  fountain 
in  its  centre.  The  arrangement  of  the  jets  is  admi- 
rable :  they  are  so  distributed  as  to  represent,  on  one 
side  of  the  rocky  mound,  from  which  the  water  is 
ejected,  an  unbroken  fall  of  12  or  15  feet  in  height; 
and  on  the  other,  a  succession  of  tiny  cascades ; 
forming,  altogether,  one  of  the  most  tasty  ornaments 
of  this  city  of  fountains.  The  beauty  of  this  foun. 
tain  is  greatly  enhanced  when  illuminated  at  night ; 
for  which  purpose  gas  lamps  are  stationed  around 
the  )ase  of.tiic  rocks.  2* 


IS 


CITY    OF    NEW-YORR. 


Passing  up  Broadway,  the  next  object  worthy  of 
attention  is  Trinity  Church,  now  erecting.  Its  cxfe- 
terior  wails  it  re  composed  of  an  highly  indurated  sand. 
stone,  chiseled  and  wrought  in  the  most  admirable 
style.  Its  depth,  from  front  to  roar,  is  189  feet,  width 
84,  height  64,  and  height  of  the  spire  264  feet.  It 
will,  no  doubt,  be  a  magnificent  structure. 

The  City  Hotel,  the  next  extensive  building,  is  at 
the  corner  of  Cedar^street  and  Broadway. 

A  short  distance  above  the  City  Hotel,  at  the  corner 
of  Broadway  and  Fulton  streets,  stands  St.  Paulas 
Church,  one  of  the  finest  buildings  in  the  city,  with 
a  spire  234  feet  in  height.  On  the  right,  and  nearly 
opposite  St.  Paul's,  commences  the  Park,  another 
public  walk,  also  decoratefl  with  a  fountain.  The 
Park  is  a  triangular  field,  surrounded  by  an  iron  rail- 
ing, and  ornamented  by  trees,  paved  walks,  &.c. 
»  It  contains  the  Cily  Hall,  one  of  the  most  splen." 
did  and  extensive  buildings  in  the  city.  It  is  216  ia 
front,  105  in  depth,  and  65  feet  in  height.  The  front 
and  ends,  as  well  as  the  outer  columns,  are  of  white 
inarbl '.  The  rear  wall  is  composed  of  the  red  sand> 
stone,  so  common  here.  The  original  cost  of  this 
structure  was  upwards  of  ^500,000.  It  is  occupied 
by  the  city  councils  and  courts  of  law.  The  gover- 
nor of  the  state,  fur  the  time  being,  has  an  audience 
chamber  in  the  second  story,  which  is  decorated 
with  portraits  of  distinguished  Americans.  The  Me- 
Charlies'  Institute  holds  its  meetings  in  one  of  the 
basement  rooms  of  the  City  Hall,  and  the  American 
Institute,  in  a  building  in  the  rear  of  the  Hall,  for- 
merly occupied  as  the  County  Alms-house. 

On  the  east  side  of  Broadway,  nearly  opposite  the 
south  entrance  of  the  Park,  is  Clinton  Hall,  the  upper 
rooms  of  which  are  occupied  by  the  uimerican  Mu. 
seum,  and  others  by  the  Mercantile  Library,  consist- 
ing of  23,000  volumes.  .      iH 

Proceeding  up  Broadway  a  few  steps  above  St. 
Paul's  Churchi  the  Astor  House  presents  itself.    This 


v. 


\ 


CIVT    OF    NKW-VORK. 


n 


.,  V'^  '^ 


is  an  immense  hotel,  built  by  J.  J.  Aator,  and  ia 
justly  regarded  as  one  of  the  best  in  the  city.  A 
short  distance  above  the  Astor,  on  the  same  side  of 
Broadway,  is  Peale^a  Museuvi,  and  about  half  a 
mile  further  on,  is  the  Acadcmrjof  DesigUyTinii  New- 
York  Society  Library,  both  in  the  same  building, 
which  ia  situated  at  the  corner  of  Broadway  and 
Leonard. street,  and  in  which  the  annual  exhibitions 
of  the  Academy  are  held.  The  library  consists  of 
40,000  volumes.  A  commodious  Readinfr  Room  is 
connected  with  this  institution.  The  Lyceum  of 
Natural  History  next  presents  itself  in  Broadway, 
near  Prince-street.  The  object  of  this  institution  is 
to  promote  physical  science  in  all  its  relations.  The 
Academy  is  rich  in  specimens  in  the  various  depart, 
mcnts  of  Natural  History,  which  are  admirably  ar- 
ranged.  At  the  intersection  of  the  Bowery,  Broad- 
way, and  the  Fourth  Avenue,  is  Union  Farky  a 
beautiful  promenade  with  a  magnificent  fountain. — 
In  the  distance  from  the  Battery  to  Union  Park  seve- 
ral other  handsome  churches,  some  splendid  private 
mansions  and  hotels,  in  no  way  inferior  to  those  just 
mentioned,  will  arrest  the  attention  of  the  stranger. 
Among  the  latter  are— « 

Philadelphia  Hotel,  where  the  steamboats  land, 
foot  of  Battery  Place — Batiery  Hotel,  corner  of  Bat- 
tery Place  and  Greenwich  street ;  connected  with 
the  above — Atlantic  Hotel ;  to  which  is  attached  a 
splendid  garden,  where  music  is  to  be  heard  every 
evening — promenade  and  refreshments  ;  opposite  the 
Bowling  Green  and  Fountain — Bunker^a  Mansion 
House;  a  quiet,  orderly,  home-Uke  Hotel — Blan- 
card's  Globe  Hotel — St.  George's  Hotel;  similar  to 
the  above — Waverly  House,  corner  of  Exchange 
Place  and  Broadway — Tremont  Temperance  House, 
corner  of  Pine.street  and  Broadway — Croton  Hbtel  ; 
also  on  the  temperance  plan,  148  Broadway — Cafi 
Tortoni;  conducted  by  Mr.  Bardotte,  in  the  style  of 
f*  a  similar  house  in  Paris.    The  next  object  worthy  of 


i*': 


\  ■; 


20 


CITY    OF    NEW-YORK. 


a  traveller's  aftention  is  the  Map  Establishment  of 
T.  R.  Tanner,  153  Broadway,  west  side  ;  where  they 
can  be  supplied  with  all  traveling  works  published  in 
this  country  ;  maps,  guide  and  geographical  works — 
Howard  House;  first  class  hotel,  corner  of  Maiden 
Lane  and  Broadway  ;  a  fine  prominent  building — 
Franklin  Jfomte,  corner  of  Dey-street  and  Broadway; 
also  an  excellent  Hotel — Ameiican  Hotel,  corner  of 
Barclay-street  and  Broadway;  conducted  by  Mr. 
Cozzens,  so  well  known  at  the  Military  Academy, 
West  Point.  This  hotel  is  a  resort  of  the  officers  of 
the  Army  and  Navy — Washington  Hotel,  corner  of 
Reade-strett  and  Broadway — Athenaum  Hotel,  cor- 
ner of  Leonard-'^treet  and  Broadway — Carlton  House  ^ 
corner  of  Leonard-street  and  Broadway. 

As  Broadway  abounds  in  objects  of  interest,  this 
may  be  regarded  as  the  leading  route  fur  strangers  in 
viewing  the  city,  we  shall  now  proceed  to  describe 
or  point  out  such  other  objects  in  the  several  quarters 
of  the  city  as  may  seem  to  deserve  notice. 

Custom  House,  at  the  corner  of  Nassau  and  Wall 
streets.  This  is  built  in  imitation  of  the  Parthenon  at 
Athens.  Its  exterior  walls  are  of  white  marble,  and 
the  whole  edifice  is  so  constructed,  inside  and  out,  as 
to  be  entirely  fire  proof.  Each  front  contains  an  en- 
tablature, with  several  Doric  columns  of  white  marble. 
The  business  hall  is  circular,  and  surmounted  by  a 
dome  which  is  supported  by  16  Corinthian  columns, 
30  feet  in  height.  The  entire  length  of  the  building 
is  200  feet,  breadth  90,  and  height  80  feet.  It  was 
erected  by  order  of  the  General  Government,  at  a 
cost  of  $1,175,000. 

Merchants*  Exchange,  in  Wall-street,  occupies  the 
site^ofa  similar  structure,  which  was  destroyed  by  fire 
a  few  years  since.  Its  front  on  Wall-street  is  200  feet, 
depth  171  and  height  77  feet:  from  its  base  to  the 
vertex  of  the  dome,  124  feet.  It  is  constructed 
throughout  of  granite,  brought  from  Quincy,  in  Mas. 
sachusetts.    The  front  recess  is  decor&ted  with  18 


CITT    OP   NEW-YORK. 


21 


Ionic  columns,  each  formed  of  a  single  block  of 
granite,  38  feet  in  height  and  4J  feet  in  diameter. — 
The  Rotunda,  or  Exulmngo  Room,  is  100  in  diamc^ 
ter,  and  90  feet  hi(;ii :  it  contains  8  Corinthian  co. 
lumns,  of  Italian  mnrblo,  each  41  feet  high  and  4J 
feet  in  diameter.  The  Exchange  was  built  by  a  joint 
stock  company,  at  an  expense  of  $1,800,000. 

Hall  of  Justice,  corner  of  Centre  and  Jiconard 
streets,  is  a  remarkable  structure,  composed  of  gra- 
nite. It  occupies  an  area  in  common  with  the  City 
Prison,  or  L9ck-up  House,  253  by  200  feet,  and  is 
built  in  the  Egyptian  stylo.  The  Criminal  Courts 
hold  their  sessions  in  this  building,  which,  with  its 
adjunct,  the  City  Prison,  are  belter  known  among  the 
citizens  as  •♦  the  tombs." 

Columbia  College,  onposite  Park  Place,  founded 
in  1754. 

New.  York  Uai^icrsity^  situated  opposite  the  east 
side  of  Washiii^ton  Square,  is  a  Gothic  edifice  180 
feet  in  front  a..d  ^^OO  deep.  It  consists  of  a  maia 
building,  with  wings  and  towers  at  each  corner.  An 
immense  window  of  stained  glass  decorates  the  front, 
and  forms  one  of  its  most  striking  features.  The 
Historical  Society,  with  its  library  of  12,000  vo- 
lumes, occupies  rooms  in  the  University  buildings. 

Next  to  this  is  the  beautiful  Gothic  Church,  occupi- 
ed by  a  congregation  of  the  Dutch  Reformed  denomi- 
nation, in  charge  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  flutton. 

Among  the  multitude  of  churches  (upwards  of  170) 
distributed  through  the  city,  the  following  deserve  spe- 
cial  notice  from  their  architectural  beauty  :  Trinity 
Church,  in  Broadway,  opposite  Wall  St.;  a  magnificent 
Gothic  structure — St.  PauVs,  corner  of  Broadway 
and  Fulton  street — Dutch  Reformed,  near  the  Univer- 
sity— St.  John*8  Chapel,  opposite  St.  .Tohn's  Park — St. 
Patrick'a  Cathedral — Church  of  the  Messiah — Church 
ofthi  Ascension — French  Protestant  CAMrcA,  Broome 
street — Baptist  Church — St>  Luke's  Church,  Hudson 
street — St.    Peter's,    Barclay    street — St.    Thomas. 


V 


83 


CITY    OF    WEW-YORK. 


!     11 


Churchy  a  gotliic  church,  corner  of  Houston.strctt 
and  Broad  woy — Unitarian  Churchy  Mercer-street. 

There  are  some  rural  Cemeteries  in  and  near  the 
city.  That  of  Greenwood,  in  Brooklyn,  ia  di^tin. 
guished  fur  the  beauty  of  its  scenery  and  the  taste  dis. 
played  in  the  arrangement  of  its  numerous  avenues. 

The  principal  Benevolent  Institutions  are  : — 

New.  Yurk  Hospital^  in  Broadway — Alms-house 
and  House  of  Refuge^  at  Bcllevue — Asylum  for  the  In- 
sane Poor,  on  bluci<.well*8  Island — Lunatic  Asylum 
and  Orphans'*  Asylum,  at  Bloomingdale,  5  miles  north 
of  »he  city — Marine  Hospital — Seaman^ s  Retreat  and 
Sailors^  Snug  Harbor^  on  Staten  Island — U.  S.  Naval 
Hospital^  Brooklyn — Institution  for  the  Blinds  8th 
avenue — Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  50th 
street,  3.  miJes  from  the  City  Hall — Orphans'  Asy. 
lum^  in  12ih  street — Rovian  Catholic  Orphans*  Asy- 
luMt  Frince-street: — New-York  Dispensary  nnd  the 
Northern  Dispensary,  supply  the  indigent  with  med. 
icines  and  medical  advice  gratuitously — Lovg  IsL 
and  Farms,  a  branch  of  the  Alms-house,  established 
for  the  instruction  and  maintenance  of  pauper  child- 
ren. Besides  these  there  are  several  Benevolent  So- 
cieties, for  the  relief  of  distressed  foreigners  of  every 
description;  Bible  and  Tract  Societies  ;  Missionary, 
Sunday  School,  and  Education  Associations,  &c.,  &c. 

Places  OF  Amusement. — In  addition  to  six  regular 
Theatres,  in  various  parts  of  the  city,  there  are  sev- 
eral Public  Gardens,  where  musical  and  dramatic  en- 
tertainments are  occasionally  given  :  Niblo's,  Vaux- 
Lall,  and  Castle  Gardens  are  the  principal. 

By  the  aid  of  the  omnibuses,  hacks,  and  cabs, 
which  may  be  found  at  any  moment*  a  stranger  may 
be  conveyed  to  any  part  of  the  city  or  adjoining  vil- 
lages at  a  small  expense.  Passage  to  any  part  of 
the  state,  and  indeed  to  any  part  of  th^  world*  is  af- 
forded almost  daily,  by  the  innumerable  railroads, 
staged,  steamboats,  or  sailing  vessels,  which  are  con. 
stantly  departing  from  the  city  in  every  directioa. 


■  U-:  ■'•  J  •sTi-,  ■  '  ' 


^ 


.£:K. 


ENVIRONS  OF  NEW. YORK. 

The  principal  place  in  the  vicinity  of  New  York 
h  Brooklyn,  finely  situated  on  Long  Island,  opposite 
ihe  S.  E.  side  of  the  city. 

It  is  an  incorporated  city  of  Xing's  county,  with 
36,283  inhabitants.  The  streets,  with  some  excep- 
tions, intersect  each  other  at  right  angles,  and  are 
gencrolly  wide  and  well  paved. 

Its  commanding  situation,  salubrious  atmoFphcrc, 
and  conlmodious  buildings,  have  induced  a  vast  num. 
bcr  of  perstJns  doing  business  in  New  York  to  locate 
themselvos  here.  The  means  of  comrtlunictition  af- 
forded by  steam  ferry-boats,  which  are  constantly  ply- 
ing between  the  two  cities,  and  scarcely  ever  take 
more  than  four  minutes  in  crossing,  make  it  more 
convenientto  many  persons  to  reside  at  Brooklyn  than 
in  the  upper  partt  of  the  city.  Hence,  the  rapid  in. 
crease  of  Brooklyn ;  which,  in  1810,  contained  only 
4,402  inhabitants.  Besides  the  usual  county  build- 
ings there  are,  within  the  corporate  limits  of  Brooklyn, 
32  Churches,  belonging  to  various  denominations,  3 
Banks,  3  Insurance  Companies,  a  Lyceum,  a  handa 
some  structure  of  granite  ;  City  Library  <sind  Reading- 
room,  and  some  other  Literary  Instiutiions.  The  U. 
S.  have  a  Navy  Yard  oti  Wallabbut  Bay,  in  the  east- 
ern part  of  the  city,  to  which  a  Naval  Lyceum  is  at. 
tached.  The  Naval  Hospital  stands  a  few  hundred 
yards  E.  front  the  yard.  Greenwood  Cemetery,  of 
which  we  have  before  spoken,  is  situated  in  the  south- 
em  quarter,  and  Colonade  Garden  on  the  heights. 

On  the  "  Heights  of  Brooklyn,"  near  which  the 
Americans  were  defeated  with  immense  loss  on  the 
27th  August,  1776,  may  yet  bo  scan  the  vestiges  of 
military  works  constructed  in  the  early  stages  of  Lh& 
American  Revolution. 

The  remains  of  11,000  AmeticsiAd,  who  plerished 
on  board  the  British  prison  ships  daring  the  contest,- 
now  repose  beneath  the  banks  of  the  Wallabout. 

Williamaburg, — ^A  recently  built  town,  situated 
on  the  East  riveff  N*  Ei  of  Brooklyn,  and  opposite 


«l 


!!ii, 


MW: 


S4 


EiWlRONS    OF    NEW-TORK. 


the  S.  E.  part  of  New  York,  with  which  il  has  fre* 
quent  communication,  by  men  "^3  of  several  steam 
ferry-boats.  r^pulalion  by  tiie  census  of  1840, 
5,094  Its  chief  buildings  are,  a  town  hall,  7  churches, 
and  the  usual  proportion  of  factories  and  work.shops« 
together  with  some  handsome  and  tasty  private 
^dwellings. 

Astoria. — A  flourishing  villaj^e  of  Queen's  County^ 
6  miles  N.  E.  from  New- York.  It  has  a  population 
of  about  750 ;  •-  churches,  an  academy,  several  thri- 
ving factories,  and  an  extensive  botanic  garden.  It 
occupies  a  beautiful  position  on  Long  Island  sound, 
near  that  remarkable  whirlpool,  called  by  the  Dutqh, 
Helle  Gat,  '•  liell  Gate,"  and  by  the  more  refined» 
"  Hurl  GateJ'*  Astoria  is  one  of  the  lo.vorite  summer 
residences  of  the  New-Yorkers. 

Middletown. — A  email  village  of  Long  Island,  coHi 
sisting  of  15  or  20  buildings ;  situated  3  miles  S.  E. 
from  Astoria. 

Newtouon, — A  clever  little  town  of  Queen's  '•ounty, 
6  miles  E.  N.  E.  from  Williamsburg ;  containing  500 
or  600  inhabitants,  4  churches,  and  the  usual  pr04 
portion  of  taverns,  stores,  and  factories. 

Flushing. — An  incorporated  town  of  Long  Island, 
situated  on  Flushing  bay,  an  arm  of  Long  Island 
sound..  Population  about  2,000.  Thid  is  the  seat 
of  several  literary  institutions,  as  St.  Paul's  Coliegci, 
St.  Thomas'  Hall,  St.  Ann's  Hall,  :fec.  The  Lin- 
nsean  Botanic  Garden  is  here.  These,  and  other 
advantages,  render  Flushing  .^r.e  of  the  most  attrac. 
tive  places  of  resort  on  the  iskud.  It  is  about  10 
miles  distant  from  New  York.  , ,  ?: 

Jamaica. — A  large  and  well  built  town  of  Queen's 
county,  11  miles  from  Brooklyn,  with  a  population^ 
according  to  the  late  census,  of  1 650.  Its  chief  build- 
ings, besides  those  of  the  county,  are  5  churches,  1 
academy,  8  hotels  and  taverns  and  several  manufac^ 
tories  of  pianos  and  carriages,  2  printing  offices,  &c. 
The  Long  Island  Railroad  Company  have  a  Iftrg^ 


i!'  i 


^^■- 


^ 


ENVIRONS    OF    NEW-YORK. 


25 


dep6t  and  m&chiue  shop  here.  Constant  communi- 
cation  with  Brooklyn,  Flushing,  Hempstead,  Rocka. 
way,  &.C.,  is  afforded  by  the  railroad  or  stagss,  which 
ply  in  all  directions.  Jamaica  Bay^  5  miles  S.  from 
the  town,  abounds  in  wild  fowl,  oysters,  clams,  &c^ 

Roclcaway  Beach. — A  celebrated  watering  place, 
on  the  shore  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  22  miles  S.  E. 
from  New. York. 

There  are,  in  addition  to  the  "  Marine  Pavilion  '* 
and  "  Rock  Hall,"  both  well  kept,  seve/al  private 
establishments ;  where,  with  less  parade  and  shovr 
of  style,  the  invalid  may  enjoy  the  refreshing  sea  air 
and  bath  in  their  utmost  perfection,  and  at  a  moderate 
expense ;  whilst  those  who  inhabit  the  former  are 
jxpected,  and  expect,  to  pay  liberally  for  thtir  ex- 
travagant accommodations. 

Bedford. — A  small  village  of  King's  County,  3 
miles  C.  from  Brooklyn « 

Flatbush — A  neat  village  of  King^s  county,  4 
miles  S.  E.  from  Brooklyn  ;  containing  an  academy, 
2  churches,  and  about  450  inhabitants.  Near  this 
village,  in  August,  1776,  was  fought  the  disastrous 
and  memorable  battle  of  Long  Island,  between  the 
American  and  British  forces.      ,  ^,     , ,,     * 

New  Utrecht. — A  small  village,  situated  about  1 
mile  from  the  shore  of  the  Atlantic,  and  7  miles  of 
Brooklyn.  It  contains  some  35  buildings,  work 
shops,  and  about  200  inhabitants.  About  one  mile 
South  from  New  Utrecht  is  Bath  ;  situated  on  the 
verge  of  the  ocean,  which  is  much  tlequenred  during 
the  summer  months  for  sea  bathing.  It  consists  of 
Uttle  else  than  whe  Hotel  and  its  appendages. 

Gravesend. — A  village  situated  2  miles  S.  E.  of 
Bath  and  8  from  Brooklyn. 

Coney  Island. — Also  a  bathing  place  of  great  re- 
sort, forms  a  part  of  Gravesend  township. 

Fort  JJ'-milton  — This  fortress,  which,  'n  connec- 
tion with  forts  Lafayette  and  Tompkins,  commands 
the  NarrowS}  is  situated  pn  the  western  end  of  Liong 


t 


i-Sii- 


8 


m 


1" 


i  ;!! 


! 


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t  ; 


IIP 


l^§ 


ENVIRONS    OF   NEW-TORK', 


Island,  and  about  8  miles  nearly  due  South  from  New 
York.  A  small  assemblage  of  houses  has  grown  up 
around  it,  including  1  church  and  an  extensive 
boarding  house.  It  has  recently  become  a  place  of 
fashionable  resort,  chiefly  for  the  convenience  of  seU, 
bathing.  •  ;;- 

New  Brighton. — A  village  of  country  seats,  erected 
for  the  accommodation  of  some  of  the  "  best  society  " 
of  New- York.  It  occupies  the  most  northern  point  of 
Staten  Island,  at  thie  entrance  of  the  **  Kills,"  which 
separate  the  island  from  the  Jersey  shore.  The  towli 
plot,  which  for  the  rtiost  part  is  the  result  of  expensive 
exc^vdtion,  descends  rapidly  from  the  base  of  the 
adjoihing  hills,  and  the  buildiiigs  range  in  a  line  with, 
and  at  nearly  an  equal  distance  from,  the  margin 
of  New- York  bay.  The  situation  is  very  fine,  com- 
manding a  view  of  the  bay,  with  its  islets,  the  city, 
Long  Island,  &c.  The  houses,  with  their  wiiite 
fronts  and  massive  columns,  present  a  beautiful  ap- 
pearance from  the  water.  There  are  2  extensive 
hotels  and  several  boardmg  houses.  Population 
about  400.  A  short  distance  to  the  West  stands  the 
Sailors'  Snug  Hnrbor ;  a  sort  of  Greenwich  Hospital, 
or  Asylum  for  superannuated  mariners.  It  consists  of 
a  large  building,  with  wings,  sc  arranged  as  to  accom- 
modate a  large  number  of  inmates.  Two  milef  iast 
of  Brighton  lies  the  Quatantine  Ground^  the  Marine 
Hospital^  and  'xcmpkinsville.  The  latter  is  a  large 
town,  containing  upwards  of  1,400  inhabitants,  3 
churches,  several  hotels,  and  beautifully  situated  on 
the  high  ground  in  the  rear  of  Fort  Tompkins.  At- 
tached to  the  Quarantine  establishment  are,  the  Ma- 
tine  Hospital,  fbr  the  reception  of  patients  afflicted 
with  contagious  diseases ;  a  Yellow  Fever  Hospi. 
ial;  a  Small  Pox  Hospital;  besi^les  aeveral  other 
buildings,  for  the  Physician,  Health  Officers,  and 
othero.  ; 

Steamboats  leave  the  lower  port  of  the  city  every 
hour  during  the  day  for  New  Brighton,  the  Quaran- 
tine Ground,  and  Tompkinsville. 


•;'*■ 


;*P^ 


'd--\ 


m 


EMVIRaNS    OF    NEW-YORK. 


27 


Jersey  City, — On  the  West  side  of  the  Hudson,  op- 
posite New  York,  is  situated  on  a  point  or  cape,  for- 
merly called  Paulus  Hook.  The  ciiy  is  regularly  laid 
cut,  with  the  streets,  which  are  generally  wide,  cross- 
ing each  other  at  right  angles/  The  public  buildings 
are,  4  churches,  a  lyceuni,  academy,  high  schooj,  a 
bank,  a  pottery,  glass  factory,  and  about  300  private 
dwellings.  Population,  3*072.  The  New  Jersey 
Railroad  Company  have  an  extensive  dep6t  here ; 
and  the  Morris  Canal,  from  Bordentown,  intersects 
the  Hudson  in  the  lower  part  of  the  city. 

Ilarsifnus  is  a  small  village,  directly  in  the  rear  of 
Jersey  City,  containing  125  inhabitants.  And  still 
farther  North  is  Pavonia,  another  suburb  of  Jersey 
City,  containing  some  250  inhabitants. 

Bergen. — Seat  of  Justice  for  Hudson  county.  New 
Jersey,  is  f;nely  situated  on  Bergen  Ejill,  2  miles 
West  of  Jersey  City.  It  contains  2  churches,  a 
court-house  and  other  county  buildings,  with  300.  in- 
habitants. Bergen,  i\ntil  recently,  presented  the  ap- 
pearance of  one  of  the  Dutch  villages  of  early  times. 
The  primitive  manners,  customs,  and  dress  of  the 
people,  and  their  mode  of  building,  have  been  rigidl]^ 
maintained  by  a  remnant  of  the  inhabitants  ;  but,, 
since  the  little -Dutch  village  br^oame  the  capital  of 
a  county,  a  spirit  of  improvement  has  been  awakened 
among  them. 

Hoboken. — A  new  village  of  Hudson  county,  New 
Jersey,  containing  about  200  inhabitants,  an  Episco- 
pal church,  and  several  public  houses.  Hoboken  is 
much  frequented  by  the  citizens  of  New- York.  The 
'♦  Elysian  Fields,"  so  called,  contain  some  beautiful 
walks.  A  fine  view  of  the  city  may  be  had  fiom  the 
!  igh  grounds  of  Hoboken.  Hoboken  has  recently 
acquired  additional  notoriety,  as  the  scene  of  a  most 
shocking  tragedy,  in  which  a  young  girl,  Miss  Rogers, 
was  murdered  by  some  unknown  hand.  The  village 
of  IVest  Hobokeuy  situated  on  the  summit  of  Berger^ 
Hill,  commands  a  fine  vIqw  of  the  city  and  harhou 


-"•^V  !■■ 


if 


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iii; 


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■'■■f- 


28 


ROUTE    FROM 


Wefhatoken — A  small  settlement  on  the  Jersey 
jBhore,  consisting  of  some  20  or  30  buildings;  beauti. 
fully  situated,  about  2  miles  North  of  Hoboken,  on  an 
elevated  bluff  of  the  Hudson. 

Bloomingdale. — A  remarkably  neat  village  of  New 
York  county,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Hud- 
eon,  5  miles  above  the  City  Hall.  An  Orphan's 
Asylum  is  established  here.  The  village  consists 
chiefly  of  country  seats,  and  contains  some  400  in- 
habitants. About  2  miles  beyond  Bloomingdale,  on 
the  same  side  of  the  river,  is  ;    ' 

Manhattanville. — Containing  about  500  inhab- 
itants, an.  Episcopal  church,  and  some  extensive 
factories.  The  New  York  Lunatic  Asylum  occu- 
pies a  commanding  position  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  village. 

Harlem  is  situated  2  miles  S.  E.  of  Manhattanville, 
on  Harlem  river,  near  its  discharge  into  Long  Island 
sound.  It  is  a  flourishing  village,  with  a  population 
of  1,500,  4  churches,  and  a  superabundance  of 
**  hotels,"  besides  a  commodious  dep6t  belonging  to 
the  New  York  and  Harlem  Railroad  Company,  and 
several  factories.  The  cars  for  Harlem  start  every 
|iour  from  the  dep6t,  N.  E.  of  the  City  Hall, 


.,'-.y'.;f  *■«>-■■*  »■ 


iA  r>ifr>^'vi. 


ROUTES  FROM  THE  CITY  OF  NEW-YORK, 

To  Philadelphia^  via  S,  Amboy  and  Boxdentown, 
\*  Places  marked  thus  f  are  described  in  other  parts  of  the  work. 


Steamboat, 

Gastle  William,... .  1 

]{edlow*s  Island,...  1  2 

New  Brighton,  ....  5  7 

J^lizabethport 5  12 

Perth  Amboy, 15  27 

@outh  Amboy, 2  29 


Railroad. 

Spotswood, 9  38 

Hightstown, 13  51 

Bordentown, 13  64 

Burlington, 10  74 

Philadelphia,... ....20  94 


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i?EW-YORK    TO   PHILADELPHIA. 


29 


Castle  William^  a  strong  fortress  belonging  to  the 
United  Slates,  situated  on  the  West  side  of  Gover- 
nor's  Island,  and  constituting  one  of  the  principal 
defences  of  the  city  and  harbor  of  New  York.  It 
was  erected  previously  to  the  late  war  with  Great 
Britain  ;  it  is  now  garrisoned  and  well  supplied  with 
ordnance  of  great  power. 

Kobin^s  Reef. — A  ledge  of  rocks  in  New- York 
Bay,  upon  which  a  light- house  has  been  erected ; 
which,  with 

Bedlow^a  Island,  also  belongs  to  the  United  States. 
It  is  surmounted  by  a  small  mihtary  work,  called 
Fort  Wood,  designed  to  co-operate  with  Castle  Wil- 
liams in  the  defence  of  the  city. 

New  Brighton.^ 

Elizabethport. — A  very  neat  and  flourishing  vil- 
lage of  New  Jersey,  which  has  recently  i^ajted  into 
notice;  being  at  the  eastern  terminus  of  the  Eliz- 
abethport and  Somerville  Railroad,  now  in  operation. 
Its  site  was,  until  lately,  known  as  Elizabethtown 
Point,  and  was  the  landing  place  for  Etizabethtown, 
which  is  situated  a  few  miles  in  the  interior.  Pop- 
ulation about  600.  5  - 

Perth  Ambpy. — A  city  and  port  of  entry  of  Mid- 
dlesex county,  New  Jersey,  at  the  confluence  of 
Raritan  river  and  Staten  Island  sound.  Popula- 
tion 1,303.  It  derives  its  name  in  part  from  James, 
Earl  of  Perth,  one  of  the  original  proprietors  of  the 
ground  ;  which  was  laid  off  into  town  lots  in  1683, 
and  incorporated  in  1784.  A  large  portion  of  the 
buildings  are  elevated  forty  or  fifty  feet  above  the 
adjacent  bay.  r  •!> :  ^       ^ 

The  Brighton  House,  a  large  hotel,  erected  here 
several  years  since,  forms  a  striking  object  of  atten- 
tion. Like  many  other  "experiments,"  the  hotel 
failed  to  realise  the  expectations  of  its  proprietors ; 
and  it  is  now  occupied,  during  the  summer  months, 
by  a  wealthy  fi^mily  of  New  York. 

South  Ami-  la  a  mere  landing  place,  where  the 
Camden  and  Amboy  railroad  terminates.    Here  the 

3* 


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ao 


ROUTE    TROM 


:il;i!iif|| 


i.;) 


passengers  for  Philadelphia  quit  the  steamboat  and 
enter  the  cars. 

Spotswood. — A  neat  village  of  Middlesex  County, 
containing  about  150  inhabitants,  3  churches,  and 
the  usual  factories,  shops,  &.c. 

Hightatown. — A  thriving  village ;  which,  since 
the  completion  of  the  Camden  and  Amboy  railroad, 
has  become  a  place  of  considerable  note.  The  /il. 
lage  is  rapidly  improving,  by  the  erection  of  many 
neat  and  substantial  buildings,  which  now  amount  to 
more  than  one  hundred,  with  about  700  inhabitants. 

Bordentown. — A  town  m  Burlington  county.  New 
Jersey,  containing  about  1,700  inhabitants.  The 
town  is  situated  on  a  high  bank ;  which,  while  it 
gives  it  a  commanding  position,  serves  to  obstruct 
its  view  from  the  river.  The  Delaware  and  Raritau 
Canal  h^s  its  western  termination  here. 

Joseph  Bi^onaparte,  many  years  since,  selected 
Bordentown  as  a  place  of  residence,  where  he  con- 
tinued for  some  years.  The  buildings  and  grounds 
lire  among  the  most  conspicuous  objects  of  the  place. 

Burlington. — A  city  of  New  Jersey,  situated  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Delaware,  containing  3,434  in. 
habitants.  Among  the  buildings  are,  six  places  of 
worship,  a  city  hall,  a  lyceum,  bank,  several  exten. 
sive  boarding-schools,  &c.  The  town  is  regularly 
laid  out,  with  streets  crossing  each  other  at  right  an. 
gles.  They  are  mostly  well  built ;  some  with  side 
pnd  front  lots,  wh'  ^h  serve  to  beautify  the  town  and 
give  it  a  neat  and  airy  appearance.  The  "  bank," 
which  is  chiefly  occupied  by  country  seats  belonging 
to  Philadelphians,  consists  of  a  beautiful  grassy  plane, 
with  a  gentle  inclination  towards  the  river.  Here  is 
the  residence  of  Bishop  Doane,  a  Gothic  structure, 
surmounted  by  a  cross,,  and  resembles  one  of  the 
CathoUc  Missionary  stations  of  former  times.  (For 
a  full  description  of  Philadelphia,  see  Tanner's  Cen* 
trai  Traveler. 


ri^-r  ■  t\  '^}f 


' '« ,^ 


'-**' 


r^:-'' 


'♦  ;  > 


WEW-TORK    TO    PHfLADELFHIA. 


31 


From  New-  York  to  Philadelphia,  via  Neio.Brun*. 
wick  and  Trenton,  by  Railroad, 


New  Brunswick,...  4  33 

Princeton 17  49 

Trenton,  10  59 

Bordentown, 5  64 

Philadelphia 30  94 


Jersey  City, 1 

Newark, 8     9 

Elizabethtown,  ....  5  14 

Rahway 5  19 

Matouchin, 9  28 

Jersey  City.f  .         v 

Newark  — This  is  by  far  the  largest,  and  as  a  man- 
ufacturing place,  the  most  important  town,  or  rather 
city,  for  it  is  organized  as  such,  in  the  State  of  New 
Jersey.  Its  population,  according  to  the  census  of 
1840,  is  17,392,  a  large  portion  of  which  is  engaged 
in  the  various  manufactories,  which  abound  here  to 
an  unusual  extent.  Newark  was  first  settled  in  1666, 
by  people  from  New  England.  It  is  the  seat  of  jus. 
tice  of  Essex  county,  and  may  now  be  regarded  as 
the  metropolis  of  the  state. 

The  Passaic,  here  a  beautiful  stream,  flows  along 
the  eastern  side  of  the  town,  lind  gradually  curves 
towards  the  east,  in  its  passa'^e  into  Newark  bay, 
three  miles  distant  from  the  city.  The  town  plot, 
except  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  Passaic,  is 
elevated  some  thirty  or  forty  feet  above  the  river ; 
and  the  country,  on  the  west,  continues  to  rise  for  a 
few  miles,  and  then  descends  in  the  direction  of  Eliz^ 
abethtown.  Its  streets  and  avenues  are  wide,  and 
shaded  by  an  abundance  of  trees,  which  add  greatly 
to  the  beauty  of  the  city  and  to  the  comfort  of  pas. 
sengers.  The  city  is  supplied  with  water  from  a  co. 
pious  spring,  a  short  distance  from  the  town.  The 
commercial  facilities  of  Newark  have  been  greatly 
augmented  of  late,  by  the  completion  of  the  Morris 
Canal,  and  the  various  railroads  which  now  pass 
through  the  city.  These,  superadded  to  the  almost 
ianumerable  manufacturing  ettftbUshments  in  ond 


■•'    Vk 


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>       32 


ROUTE    FROM 


1 '  i  I  ■ '  i 


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about  the  place,  give  it  an  active  and  business.likd 
appearance,  gratifying  alike  to  those  who  are  practi. 
cally  engaged  in  them,  and  to  those  who  witness  their 
operations. 

Among  the  articles  manufactured  here,  most  of 
which  are  sent  to  distant  markets,  may  be  mentioned, 
leather,  saddlery  and  harness,  carriages  and  carriage 
furniture,  hats,  boots  and  shoes,  in  immense  t^uan- 
tities,  brass  and  iron  castings,  soap  and  candles,  tin 
and  sheet-iron  ware,  clothing  of  all  sorts,  Venetian 
blinds,  cabinet  furniture,  jewelry,  clocks,  tools  and 
agricultural  implements,  ropes  and  cordage,  malt 
liquors,  pottery,  together  with  a  host  of  other  matters, 
**  too  numerous  to  mention." 

Besides  the  factories,  most  of  which  are  on  a  large 
scale,  there  are  several  breweries,  grist  and  saw  millc>, 
dyeing  houses,  and  printing  offices,  each  of  which 
iissues  a  newspaper,  &.c.  There  are  schools  innu- 
merable, academies,  and  several  literary  and  scien- 
tific  institutions.  Of  churches,  the  Episcopalians 
have  two ;  the  Presbyterians  five  ;  the  Baptists  two ; 
the  Dutch  Reformed  one ;  the  Methodists  three ;  and 
♦he  Roman  Catholics' one.  "?he  other  public  build- 
ings are  the  court  house,  county  offices,  three  banks, 
and  the  immense  dep6t  of  the  New  Jersey  Railroad 
Company. 

Situated  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  bos- 
tile  armies,  the  people  of  Newark  were  kept  in  a  con. 
fitant  state  of  alarm  during  the  revolutionary  struggle. 
On  one  occasion  the  British  sent  from  New- York  a 
detachment  consisting  of  five  hundred  men,  who 
burnt  t\e  academy  and  committed  other  excesses. 
They  were,  however,  induced  to  quit  the  town  before 
they  could  accomplish  the  destruction  of  the  place, 
which,  no  doubt,  was  their  object.  '  i^tiiv^y?:, 

Elizabethiown. — A  beautiful  town,  situated  on 
Elizabeth  creek,  in  Essex  county,  containing  about 
five  hundred  buildings  and  3,000  inhabitants.  It  is  a 
borough  town,  and  one  pf  the  oldest  in  the  state,  its 


In 


^ 


KEW-TORK   TO   PHILADELPHIA* 


^ 


K' 


site  having  been  purchased  from  the  Indians  by  a 
company  from  Ijong  Island,  fM)  early  as  the  year 
1664.  Owing  to  its  contiguity  to  New- York,  the 
quiet  of  EliKabethtown  was  frequently  disturbed  by 
the  contending  parties  during  the  revolutionary  war. 
In  one  of  these  conflicts,  a  resident  clergyman  of  the 
Presbyterian  church  was  killed,  after  witnessing  the 
destruction  of  his  church,  which  was  burnt  by  the 
British.  There  is  in  this  town  an  unusual  proportion 
ofhandRome  dwellings  and  churches;  which,  with 
the  wide  and  regular  streets,  impart  an  air  of  great 
neatness  and  beauty  to  the  place,  and  render  it  a 
very  desirable  residence. 

.  The  EUzabethport  and  Somerville  railroad,  as 
well  as  that  from  Jersey  City  to  New  Brunswick, 
pass  through  the  town.  These,  with  turnpikes  and 
several  good  common  roads,  afford  extensive  facil- 
ities for  conveying  to  market  the  agricultural  pro- 
ducts and  manufactures  of  the  town  and  adjacent 
country. 

Among  the  latter  may  be  mentioned,  oil-cloth, 
earthenware,  ropes  and  cordage,  cotton  bagging,  tin 
and  sheet-iron  ware,  clocks,  carriages,  leather,  iron 
castings,  steam  engines,  and  machinery  of  all  kinds. 
The  place  is  also  provided  with  several  literary,  sci- 
entific, and  benevolent  institutes,  which  afford  to  the 
inhabitants  the  means  of  intellectual  enjoyment  and 
moral  culture,  amid  the  busy  scenes  of  their  daily 
pccupation. 

With  all  these  advantages,  it  is  scarcely  necessary 
for  us  to  add  that  Elizabethtown  is  a  flourishing 
place. 

Rahway. — A  large  and  thriving  town  of  Middlesex 
county,  formed  by  the  union  of  several  villages. 
One  of  these  was  formerly  called  **  Bridgetown ;" 
but  as  there  was  another  Bridgetown  in  the  state, 
the  legislature,  by  special  enactment,  united  the 
whole,  under  the  name  of  Rahway,  after  the  river 
upon  whose  banks  they  are  situated ;  by  which 


1*; 

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M  KOUTH   EROM 

nomo  they  are  novv  gonerally  known.  Their  united 
population  is  2,533,  originoljy  from  New  England. 
The  Presbyterians,  Methodists,  Baptists  and  Friends 
have  places  of  worship  here.  That  of  the  Presbyte- 
rians is  a  beautiful  structure.  Among  the  hberal 
institutions  of  the  place,  which  possesses  many,  there 
are  a  public  library,  an  "  Athenean  Academy,"  so 
called,  a  fine  building,  erected  by  a  company  ex. 
pressly  for  the  institution,  which  partakes,  in  some 
measure,  of  thp  nature  of  a  high  school.  There  are, 
also,  Sunday  schools  attached  to  most  of  the  churches ; 
six  or  eight  well  cjnductcd  public  schools,  a  bank,  a 
printing  office,  from  which  a  weekly  newspaper  is 
issued.  If  tl^e  people  of  Rahway  have  beep  thus 
liberal  in  p/oyiding  means  for  the  moral  and  intellec- 
tual improvement  of  their  youth,  they  have  been  no 
Jess  so  in  the  erection  and  embellishment  of  their 
dwellings,  which  present  a  remarkably  neat  appear- 
ance. Rahway  may  be,  with  truth,  styled  a  man- 
ufacturing place.  Estabhshments  on  an  ej^tensive 
scale  are  in  daily  operation  -here.  The  n^anufaptures 
consist  of  silk  printing,  carriages  and  carriage  furni- 
ture, bats,  sho^s,  clothing,  clocks^  earthenware,  and 
cotton  goods. 

Maiouchin. — A  mere  hamlet  of  Middlesex  county, 

containing  about  twenty  buildings.     It  is,  however, 

situated  in  the  centre  of  a  populous  and  fertile  coun- 

try;  which,  from  the  numerous  buildings,  may  be 

igarded  as  an  extended  village.  i; 

New  Brunswick, — This  place  is  situated  in  the 
counties  of  Somerset  and  MiddleseXt  and  is  the  seat 
of  justice  of  the  latter.  It  is  an  incorporated  city, 
and  next  to  Newark  the  largest  town  in  the  state. 
It  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Raritan,  about 
twelve  miles  above  Amboy  bay.  Its  population  is 
8,693,  and  the  number  of  buildings  is  about  twelve 
hundred.  The  public  buildings,  &.c.,  consist  of  the 
court-house  and  its  appendages,  college  edifice  (Rut- 
gexs?.  College)  and  grammar  school,  an  Episcopal 


••.,:^.: 


\ 


* 


NEW-YORK   TO    PIIILADELFIIIA. 


35 


church,  a  Presbyterian  church,  a  Baptist  church. 
Catholic  chapel,  two  Methodist  churches,  one  Dutch 
Refurmed  church,  two  academies,  some  incorporated 
schools,  several  common  schools,  and  two  banks. 
In  addition  to  the  splendid  viaduct  of  the  New  Jer- 
sey Railroad,  there  id  a  fine  Wooden  bridge  across 
the  Raritan,  one  thousand  feet  long,  with  double 
ways.  The  Delaware  and  Raritan  Canal  terminates, 
and  the  New  Jersey  Railroad  and  that  to  Trenton 
unite  here.  These  railroads  form  an  important  link 
in  the  great  north  and  south  line,  which  will,  ere 
long,  extend  without  interruption,  from  Portsmouth, 
in  New  Hampshire,  to  New  Orleons,  Pensacola,  &c. 
Some  of  the  buildings  have  an  antiquated  appear- 
ance, having  been  erected  on  the  first  settlement  of 
the  place,  in  1713,  which  was  then  called  **Prig- 
more*8  swamp."  Those  built  by  the  Dutch  colony, 
which  emigrated  from  Albany,  though  of  a  more  re- 
cent date,  are  ilo  less  remarkable,  not  only  in  their 
peculiar  construction,  but  also  from  their  position, 
having  their  gable  ends  fronting  on  the  streets.  Al. 
bany.sfree£  riiay  be  readily  distinguished  by  its  char- 
acteristic edifices.  Constant  communication  between 
New  Brunswick  and  the  city  of  New  York  is  afforded 
by  several  steamboats,  railroads,  and  turnpikes. 
There  are  also  excellent  turnpike  and  common  roads 
leading  in  every  direction,  by  which  the  city  of  New 
Brunswick  enjoys  considerable  commerce,  not  only 
in  the  agricultural  products  of  the  contiguous  country, 
but  also  in  the  manufactures  of  its  numerous  work. 
shops. 

Princeton. — This  attractive  little  town  has  been 
long  celebrated  as  the  scat  of  Nassau  Hall,  one  of 
the  oldest  and  most  respectable  colleges  in  the  coun. 
try.  It  contains  also  a  theologicel  seminary,  estab. 
lished  some  years  since,  by  the  Presbyterians.  Both 
institutions  are  in  a  flourishing  condition,  and  are 
succeiSsfuIIy  prosecuting  the  objects  which  they  have 
in  view. 


i6 


c 


ROU'TE  fllOM 


/ 


.  Frincdton,  by  the  new  arranefement  of  coantiei,  if 
embraced  within  the  limits  of  Mercer  county,  and 
lies  a  small  distance  to  the  north  of  the  railroad  to 
New  Brunswick.  Its  position  :«  considered  one  of 
the  most  salubrious  in  the  state,  being  considerably 
elevated  above  the  surrounding  country,  and  of  course 
is  free  from  those  exhalations  common  to  low  lands. 
Princeton  is  an  incorporated  town,  and  contains 
about  three  hundred  and  thirty  buildings,  with  3,055 
inhabitants,  including  the  inmates  of  both  colleges. 
There  are  five  places  of  public  worship,  and  several 
■chools  of  a  high  order,  for  both  males  and  females. 
Whether  we  regard  the  position  of  the  town,  its  neat 
Und  attractive  dwellings,  or  the  general  intelligence 
of  its  inhabitants,  we  know  not  a  more  desirable 
place  of  residence  than  Princeton. 

One  of  the  most  important  incidents  of  the  revolii'i 
tion  occurred  in  the  neighborhood  of  this  town.  On 
the  night  of  January  3d,  1777,  the  American  and 
British  armies  lay  encamped  oa  opposite  banks  of 
the  Assanpink  creek,  near  Trenton.  The  British 
commander,  confident  of  success  in  the  coming  con.^ 
f  ict,  only  awaited  the  approach  of  day  to  begin  the 
work  of  destruction.  In  this  critical  situation,  and 
Menaced  by  a  force  every  way  superior  to  his  own, 
Washington  determined  to  abandon  his  position  on 
the  Assanpink,  and  by  a  circuitous  march  along  the 
left  flank  of  the  enemy,  fall  into  their  rear  at  Prince<« 
ton.  When  it  was  dark  the  army,  leaving  its  fires 
lighted,  and  the  sentinels  on  the  margin  of  the  creek, 
decamped  with  perfect  secrecy.  About  sunrise,  two 
British  regiments,  that  were  on  their  march  to  join 
the  rear  of  the  British  army  at  Lawrence,  fell  in  with 
the  van  of  the  Americans,  conducted  by  General 
Mercer,  and  a  very  sharp  action  ensued.  The  ad.* 
vanced  party  of  Americans,  composed  chiefly  of  mi. 
litia,  soon  gf\\e  way,  and  the  few  regulars  attached 
to  them  could  not  maintain  their  ground.  General 
Mercer,  while  gallantly  exerting  himself  to  rally  hie 


NEW-YORK    TO    rillLADELrillA 


37 


broken  troopa,  received  a  mortal  wound.  GenernI 
Washington,  however,  who  followed  closcin  their  rear, 
now  led  on  the  mnin  bo'ly  of  the  nnny,  and  attacked 
the  enemy  with  great  spirit.  While  he  exposed  him- 
flelf  to  their  hottest  fire,  ho  was  po  well  supported  by 
the  name  troops  which  had  aided  him  a  few  days  bo« 
fore  in  the  victory  at  Trenion,  that  the  British  were 
compelled  to  give  way,  and  Washington  pressed  for- 
ward to  Princeton.  A  party  of  the  British,  that  had 
token  refuge  in  the  college,  after  receiving  a  few  dis- 
chorpfrs  from  ihe  American  ficld-picces,  surrendered 
themselves  prisoners  of  war;  but  the  principal  part 
of  the  regiment  that  was  left  ihcro  saved  itself  by  a 
precipitate  retreat  to  Brunswick.  In  this  action  up- 
wards of  a  hundred  of  the  British  were  killed  and 
nearly  three  hundred  were  taken  prisoners.  Great 
was  the  surprise  of  LordCornwallis  when  the  report 
of  the  artillery  at  Princeton,  and  the  arrival  of  breath- 
less messengers,  apprised  him  that  the  enemy  was  in 
the  rear.  Alarmed  by  the  danger  of  his  position, 
he  commenced  a  retreat;  and  being  harassed  by  the 
militia  and  the  country  people,  %vho  had  suffered  by 
the  outraged  perpetrated  by  his  troops  on  their  ad- 
vance, he  did  not  deem  himself  in  safetv  until  he  ar- 
rived at  Brunswick;  from  whence,  by  n,.ans  of  the 
Raritan,  he  hod  communication  with  New  York. 

Trenton. — The  capital  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey, 
is  situated  on  the  left  or  east  bank  of  the  Delaware, 
in  Mercer  county,  of  which  it  is  the  seat  of  justice, 
twenty-eight  miles  north-east  from  Piiiladelphia,  and 
fifty-nine  south-west  of  New  York.  Its  site  is  im- 
mediately upon  the  mouth  of  the  Assanpink,  near  the 
lower  falls  of  t!ie  Delaware.  It  is  approached  from 
the  Pennsylvania  side  by  a  fine  bridge  of  five  arches, 
supported  by  stone  piers  and  abutments.  There  are 
now  about  1,000  buildings  of  every  sort,  and  4,035 
inhabitants.  The  place  was  incorporated  as  a  city 
on  the  I3th  November,  1792.  Its  public  buildings, 
and  other  objects  of  curiosity,  consist  of  the  State 


i 


■i 
I 


38 


ROUTE  f;tom 


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'  ll 


I'i 


mm 

I'til hi  ■    'lit' 


mtrm 


House  or  Legislative  Hall,  Governor'a  House,  County 
Offices,  StPte  Prison,  and  Ci     Hall. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  there  are  in  and  about 
Trenton,  sever-'.!  beautiful  rh'irches,  two  banking 
houses,  an  academy,  many  boarding-schools,  a  vast 
number  of  comraon  schools,  and  other  institutions  of 
a  public  nature ;  together  with  the  usual  complement 
of  stores,  taverns,  manufactories,  cotton  mills,  print- 
ing  offices,  some  of  which  issue  weekly  journals ; 
several  literary  and  scientific  institutions,  and  in 
short,  all  other  omponcnts  that  constitute  a  little 
city  such  as  Trenton 

Among  the  leading  avenues  of  trade  possessed  by 
Trenton,  those  by  the  canals  and  railroads  are  the 
ftiost  impcrta  It.  The  Delaware  and  Raritan  Canal, 
from  Bordentown  to  PVew  Brunswick,  and  its  lav, 
igable  feeder,  pass  through  Trenton ;  whence  rail- 
roads exterd  to  Philadelphia  and  New  Brunswick  ; 
r.nd  another,  which  intersects  the  Camden  and  Am- 
boy  railroad,  a  short  distance  from  Bordentown. 

The  manufacturing  facilities  of  the  city  have,  of 
late,  been  materially  improved.  A  company,  incor- 
porated in  1831,  has  just  completed  a  short  canal  and 
mill -race  or  the  bank  of  the  river,  by  which  a  valuable 
water  power  is  afforded,  and  now  extensively  and 
profitably  employed. 

The  name  of  Trenton  occupies  a  prominent  place 
in  the  annals  of  our  revolution.  It  was  here,  in  1776, 
that  Ge*ieral  Washington,  with  five  thousand  five 
hundred  mm,  after  crossing  the  Delaware,  amid  h\1 
the  dangers  of  an  inclement  night,  attac  ed  the 
British  forces,  under  Colonel  Rahl,  who  was  mor- 
tally wounded  by  the  first  fire.  His  men,  in  the  ut- 
most dismay,  attempted  to  file  off  towards  Princelor. ; 
but  General  Washington  perceiving  iheir  intention, 
moved  a  portion  of  his  troops  into  the  road  in  front, 
and  thus  frustrated  thei^  design. 

Their  artillery  having  beeu  seized,  and  the  Amer 
icarj  pressing  upon  them»  they  snrrerdered.    Many 


*■   jt- 


ik 


NEW-YORK    TO    KASTON,    PA. 


39 


of  ihe  Hessians  were  killed — a  thousand  were  made 
prisoners — while  a  few  escaped  and  flet^  in  the  direc- 
tion of  Bordentown.  Of  the  Anicrican  troops  only 
two  '  'ere  killed  and  two  frozen  to  death.  Wash, 
ington,  soon  after  this  bni'iant  affair,  re-crosded  the 
Delaware  with  his  prisoners,  six  pieces  of  artillery, 
a  thousand  stand  of  arms,  and  some  military  stores, 

Bristol. — A  beautiful  village,  situated  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  Delaware,  nearly  opposite  to  Burluigtonr 
Its  high  and  commanding  position  early  attracted  tho 
attention  of  the  first  settlers,  and  a  town,  called 
Buckingham,  was  laid  off,  and  subsequently  incor^ 
porated  by  Sir  William  Kieth,  in  17^0;  under  the 
name  of  Bristol, 

Among  the  numerous  attractions  of  this  beautiful 
spot  are  two  mineral  springs,  at  which  buildings,  for 
the  accommodation  of  visiters,  were  erected  some 
years  fiiace,  and  dignified  by  the  name  of  Bath. 
Bristol  contains  at  present  about  two  hundred  and 
fifty  dweUings,  with  1,734  inhabitants,  a  bank,  sev. 
eral  places  of  worship,  a  masonic  lodge,  &.c. 

The  houses,  especially  those  on  the  immediate 
bank  of  the  river,  present  a  remarkably  neat  and 
hardsomfi  appearance.  The  Delaware  division  of 
thti  Pennsylvania  Canal  terminates  her^,  in  a  spa,. 
cious  basin,  which  communicates  with  the  Delaware 
river.  This  canal,  with  the  Lehigh  Company'* 
Canal,  forms  an  uninterrupted  water  communicai. 
tion  with  *he  aothra^ite  coal  re^on  of  Northampton 
county.  ,  ,. 

Bordentown.^  »  . 


From  Neu-Yorlc  to  Easfon^  Pa.^  via  Morrisville  and 
Schooleys  Mountain  Springs. 

Newark,  by  rail-road, 10 

.,   Morristown,      do         20  30 

Mendham;  by  stage,  .'. 7  37 

Chester,...  do 5  4^ 


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ROUTE    FROM 


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German  Valley,  by  stage, .....5  47 

Schooley's  M.  Springs,  by  stage,  ...  3  50 

Mansfield, do       ...  9  59 

Easton, do       ...15  74 

Newark.^  '^'   -      '  '•'' 

Morristown. — Seat  of  justice  of  Morris  county,  and 
one  of  the  most  populous  and  thriving  towns  of  New 
Jersey.  It  is  beautifully  situated  on  an  elevated 
plain,  which  rises  gradually  from  the  river  bank. 

Most  of  the  pubHc  buildings,  and  some  of  the  best 
dwellings,  face  an  open  square  in  the  centre  of  the 
town.  There  are,  besides  the  buildings  devoted  to 
county  purposes,  several  handsome  churches,  an 
academy,  and  a  due  proportion  of  stores,  manufac. 
tories,  workshops,  and  taverns ;  grist,  paper  and  saw 
mills.  There  are  also  printing  offices,  from  which 
weekly  journals  are  issued ;  Sunday  schools,  a  bible 
Bociety,  a  temperance  society,  and  several  i  istitutions 
of  a  like  description.  With  but  few  exceptions,  the 
houses  are  well  built ;  each  is  surrounded  by  culti. 
vated  gardens,  which  impart  to  the  place  an  air  of 
much  rural  beauty.  By  means  of  pipes  laid  in  the 
streets,  most  cl  the  water  used  in  the  town  is  brought 
from  a  never.failing  spring,  about  two  miles  distant. 
The  Morris  and  Essex  railroad,  twenty  miles  in 
length,  from  Newark,  terminates  here.  Population 
4,013. 

Mendham. — A  village  of  Morris  county,  contain, 
ing  a  Presbyterian  church,  a  boarding-school,  several 
stores,  mills,  and  about  sixty  dwel 'ngs.  Population 
1,378.  V       ^ 

Cheater. — A  viJlage  of  Morris  county,  containing 
forty  or  fifty  buildings,  including  two  churches, 
which  extends  for  nourly  a  mile  along  the  road  from 
Easton  to  Morrisyille.  Population  1,321. 
.  German  Valley^  a  small  settlement  in  Morris 
county,  on  the  south  branch  of  the  Raritan. 


.'^*''- 


-\   '- 


ff 


KEW-YORK    TO    E ASTON. 


«t 


Schmdcy^s  Mountain  Springs. — A  celebrated  piaco 
of  resort  of  invalids  and  others,  in  search  of  health 
or  pleasure.  The  water  of  ihesp  springs,  which  are 
situated  in  a  small  depression  of  iVf  usconicong  moun- 
tain, in  Morris  county,  N.  J.,  is  chalybeate,  is  strong. 
ly  marked  by  the  usual  ferrufi^inous  impregnations, 
and  the  other  characteristics  of  such  springs.  Tiiey 
are  used  to  great  advantage  in  chronic  cases  and  gen- 
eral debility.  Independent  of  the  benefit  to  be  de- 
rived from  the  use  of  the  waters,  the  great  elevation 
of  the  springs  (nearly  1,100  fee*,;  produces  an  agree- 
able temperature,  wh'.ch  braces  and  invigorates  the 
frame.  The  accommodations  here  are  in  no  way 
inferior  to  other  establishments  of  the  kind  elsewhere. 
There  are  three  extensive  hotels,  besides  several  pri. 
vate  boarding  houses,  which  afford  to  visitors  the 
•pportunity  of  selecting  the  location  most  congenial 
to  thtjir  wishes. 

MansJieUL — A  pretty  little  village  of  forty  or  fifty 
buildings  in  Warren  county,  New  Jersey.  It  is  sup- 
plied with  water  by  means  of  pipes,  which  conduct 
it  to  several  fountains  in  the  village. 

Eastoii. — This  is  by  far  the  largest  and  most  im- 
portant town  in  ^.his  section  of  the  state,  and  is  tho 
seat  of  justice  of  Northampton  county.  It  was  in- 
corporated as  a  borough  in  September,  1789,  and 
now  contains  a  population  of  5,510.  The  town  is 
situated  on  a  point  o{  land  formed  by  the  Delaware 
and  f>«>''iigh  rivers  and  the  Bushkill  creek.  The 
stre  .  ..♦  '  ri  {aid  out  at  right  angles  to  each  other,  and 
aloi^  :  «  ardinal  points.  The  lower  part  of  the 
town,  n<  »  tiiC  Delaware,  is  on  an  elevated  level,  but 
the  western  extremity  rises  by  a  gradual  acclivity,  to 
a  considerable  elevation.  ' 

There  are  within  the  bouudaries  of  the  borough, 
three  oil  mills,  aix  grist  mills,  two  saw  mills,  two  dis- 
tilleries,  tiiree  tan-yards  and  tanneries,  one  brewery, 
and  thirty.one  dry-goods  and  hardware  stores.  A 
librTy  formed  in  1811,  containmg  about  four  thoiu 


I     i 


i  'ill: 


•I 


^ 


iw 


ii;ii 


liili 


1|^  ROUTE    FROM 

sand  voiumes.  A  mineralogical  cabinet.  A  college 
calkd  the  Lafayette  College,  in  which  the  learned 
r  >.  languages,  &c.  are  taught.  Several  places  of  public 
worship.  A  court-house,  erected  1758.  Four  fine 
bridges ;  one  over  the  Delaware,  a  most  substantial 
structure,  erected  at  an  expense  of  $80,000;  one,  a 
chain  bridge,  over  the  Lehigh,  on  the  Philadelphia 
road;  and  two  over  the  Bushkill.  There  are  two 
banks, — one  the  Easton  Bank,  with  a  capital  of 
$40,000.  ^^  \ 

From  New.  York  to  Passaic  Fulls,  hy  railroad, 

;^     Jersey  r'\7 • ^  ,  ,, 

'''      Bergen 2    3  .  '   , 

^*'      Acquackanv      ,  9  12  ' 

Paterson  anu  the  Falls, , 5  17       ' 

'       Jersey  City. i  *      '  x    .  ,\^ 

:  ■  BergenA  '^'  '  ''■''■'-:' 

AcquacJcanonk. — A  village  of  Passaic  county,  sit- 
uated 01^  the  right  bank  of  the  Passaic,  12  miles  N.  W. 
from  New- York.    It  contains  two  places  of  worship, 
^       one  cotton  factory  and  about  450  inhabitants,  who 
|u:e  chiefly  engaged  In  manufacturing. 

Passaic  Falls. — This  is  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water, 

which  presents  an  unbroken  fall  of  fifty  feet.    It  is 

situated  at  the  town  of  Paterson,  on  the  Passaic  river, 

whose  banks  here  are  nearly  vertical.    The  water 

in  its  passage,  through  the  lapse  of  ages,  has  worn  a 

deep   chasm  in   the  solid  rock,  which  is  obviously 

retreating,  as  the  abraided  banks  below  testify.    No 

spectacle  can  be  more  imposing  than  is  presented  by 

i         the  fallinsr  liquid,  as  it  glides  gently  over  the  brow  of 

the  precipice.    The  town  of  Paterson  is  admirably 

^        situated  for  manufacturing  purposes  at  the  falls,  which 

t     .    afford  a  constant  &nd  abundant  supply  of  water  for 

the  vast  number  of  factories  in  operation  in  the  town. 


NEW-YORK   TO   ALBANY. 


43 


which  is  now  one  of  the  most  important  manufactur- 
ing  places  in  the  United  States.  The  number  of 
buildings  at  present  in  Paterson  and  New  Manches- 
ter, &n  adjoining  village,  is  upwards  of  one  thousand, 
ana  that  of  tht;  inhabitants,  7,598.  Here  are  Pres. 
byterians,  both  of  the  old  and  new  schools ;  Dutch 
Reformed,  Roman  Catholics,  Episcopalians,  Bap- 
tists,  Methodists,  'Seceders,  Lutherans,  Friends, 
Universalists.  Unitarians,  &c.  There  are  in  the  town 
a  society  for  the  promotion  of  literature  and  science, 
which  has  an  excellent  library,  a  Mechanics^  Insti. 
tute,  a  Museum,  a  Circulating  Library,  a  Public  Li- 
brary,  and  some  other  inatitutions  of  a  similar  de- 
Bcription. 


Route  up  the  Hudson,  to  Albany^  by  st  am.boat. 
Towns  on  the  West  bank.       Towns,  Sic.  on  the  East  bank. 


Hoboken  

Wehawk 2 

Bull's  Ferry 3 

Fort  Lee 4 

Piermont 14 

Nyack 5 

Warren 7 

Stony  Point 5 

Caldwell's  Landing  3 
Fort  Clinton  ^ 

FortMontgoraery  > 
Bare  Mount  ) 

Fort  Putnam     ) 
West  Point       S  "' 
Crows'.neSt  Mt. ...  3 

Butter  Hill 1 

New  Windsor 3 

Newburg 2 

Marlboro' ..6 

Milton 4 


1 
3 
6 
10 
24 
29 
36 
41 
44 


4    48 


4    52 


55 
56 
59 
61 
67 
71 


Bloomingdale  .... 

Manhattanville ...  2 

Spuyten  DuyvelC.  5 

Yonkers 4 

Hastings 3 

Dobbs'  Ferry 2 

Tarrytown 5 

Sing  Sing 6 

Teller's  Point,  >  „ 

Croton,  {  •  ** 

Verplanck  City...  6 

Peekskill 3 

Anthony's  Nose  Mt  2 

Sugar-loaf  Mt 4 

Cold  Spring 4 

Bull  Mt 2 

Break.neck  Mt....  1 
FishkillLand'g,  ) 
or  Martinsville,  ) 

Hamburg, 6 


6 
8 
13 
17 
20 
22 
27 
33 

35 

41 
44 
46 
50 
54 
56 
57 

4     61 
67 


:1.1 


m 


44 


ROUTE    FROM 


Towns  on  Mie  Wett  bank. 

New  Paltz  Landing  3     74 

Pelham  10 

Columbus    i  n 

Kingston     ^    

Giasgotv 10 

Bristol 2 

Catskill 9 

Athens    5 

Coxackie 8 

New  Baltimore  ....  7 

Ooeymans 2 

Albany  12 


Towns,  &c.  oa  the  East  bauk. 


84 

90 

100 
102 
111 


133 
145 


7  97 
3  100 


v^-^. 


Barnegut 4  71 

Poughkeepsie  ... .  3  74 

Hyde  Park (i  80 

Stntesburg 5     85 

Rhynbeck 5     90 

Barrvtown,  or    ) 

Red  Hook  L  L.  \ 

116  Tivoli,  or    Red  [ 

124  Hook  U.  L.  J 

131  Saugerties  1  101 

Hudson  15  116 

Columbiaville    ....  5  121 

Kinderhook  lan'g  6  127 

Schodack  8  135 

Castlelon    2  137 

Greenbush 8  145 

Hoboken.i  see  •*  Environs  gf  New-York,"  p.  ^7. 

Wehawk.f  ,^;'' 

Blooming  dale. i  ,      v; 

Manhattanzille.f 

BulVa  l^erry. — A  noted  ferry  across  the  Hudson. 

Fort  Lee. — This  fort,  which,  with  Fort  Washing- 
ton on  the  oppoLite  side  of  the  river,  was  the  scene 
of  important  military  operations  during  the  revolu- 
tionary war.  A  large  body  of  American  militia  sta- 
tioned  here,  in  attempting  to  retreat,  were  overpow- 
ered by  a  vastly  superior  force,  consisting  chiefly  of 
Hessians,  when  they  were  either  slain  or  consigned 
to  the  prison  ships,  a  fate  more  terrific  than  death 
itself.  Th«  site  of  Port  Lee  is  upwards  of  300  above 
the  water.  A  hotel  at  the  landing  is  much  frequented. 
A  few  miles  below  Fort  Lee,  commences  the  Pali- 
sades,  a  lofty  basaltic  wall,  which  extends  for  twen- 
ty  miles  up  the  west  bank  of  the  Hudson.  They  are 
nearly  vertical,  and  range  from  200  to  500  feet  in 
height.  The  columns,  which  are  divided  into  seg- 
ments, admurably  fitted  to  each  other,  are  altogether 


PJEW-TORK   TO   ALBANY. 


45 


of  a  coarser  texture  than  most  other  similar  forma, 
tions,  though,  in  some  parts,  the  angles  are  equally 
perfect  and  well  defined.  ^   -."  >  v  M-^i 

Spuyten  Duyvel  Creek. — An  inconsiderable  open- 
ing on  the  east  side  o.^the  Hudson,  which,  with  Har, 
Isem  river,  separates  the  island  of  New. York  from 
the  main  land  of  Westchester  county. 

Kingsbridge. — A  sort  of  rialto  among  the  New- 
Yorkers,  crosses  the  strait  a  short  distance  from  thf) 
Hudson. 

Yonkerit. — A  pleasant  village  of  Westchester  coun- 
ty, situated  at  the  outlet  of  Saw.mill  creek.  It  is 
built  mostly  on  the  river  bank,  which,  being  some- 
what elevated,  commands  a  fine  view  of  the  river  and 
the  palisades  opposite.  Besides  the  two  churches,- an 
academy  and  several  taverns  and  store  houses,  there 
are  upwards  of  75  dwellings,  and  a  population  of 
about  500. 

Hastings. — A  small  village  and  landing,  of  the 
same  county,  consisting  of  15  or  20  buildings  of  va. 
rious  sorts,  including  one  hotel,  a  button  factory,  &c. 

Dobbs'  Ferry  IB  a  small  settlement  and  public  land- 
ing in  Westchester  county,  with  a  ferry  to  the  oppo, 
site  side  of  the  Hudson.  ^^*;^   ii^^  i^i^tiftii  > 

Piermontf  formerly  Tappan  Sloat — This  village 
having  been  seloctcd  for  the  eastern  terminus  of  the  N. 
York  and  Eri«{  rail.road,  the  secluded  little  Dutch  set. 
tlement  of  the  **  Sloat,"  which  had  reposed  in  peace 
and  quietness  for  a  century  or  more,  has  received 
the  classic  soubriquet  of  **  Piermont,"  and  is  now  an 
important  town  of  Rockland  county.  Such  has  been 
the  effect  of  this  movement  upon  the  unsophisticated 
village,  that  its  site  is  now  covered  by  handsome 
public  and  private /edifices,  which  form  a  striking 
contrast  with  the  little  Dutch  houses  of  its  primitive 
inhabitants. 

There  are  in  the  town  upwards  of  150  buildinge, 
in 'eluding  two  or  three  churches,  and  a  population  of 
about  1,100.  A  pier  about  one  mile  in  length,  which 


$ 


U''-: 


6^ 


v 


46 


ROUTE   FROM 


!il 


il:     li 


forms  the  commencement  of  the  rail.road  just  men- 
tioned, extends  over  the  flats  to  a  commodious  dock, 
near  the  channel  of  the  river.  The  New- York  and 
Erie  rail-road  will,  when  completed,  cx'end  to  Dun- 
kirk,  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  a  distance 
of  450  miles.  It  is  now  in  use  as  far  as  Goshen,  with 
which  daily  communication  is  had.  The  little  village  of 
Tappan,  which  is  situated  two  miles  west  of  Piermont, 
is  well  known  as  the  place  of  execution  of  Major 
Andr^,  whose  remains  were  a  few  years  since  trans- 
ferred to  England,  his  native  country.  Two  miles 
below  Piermont,  commences, 

Tappun  Sea^ — An  expansion  of  the  Hudson,  about 
ten  miles  in  length  and  four  in  breadth,  having  Tarry- 
town  and  Singsing  on  its  east  margin,  and  Piermont 
and  Ny  ick  on  the  west. 

Tarrytown  is  a  large  and  well  built  town,  with 
about  1,100  inhabitants.  This  is  the  town  in  which 
Major  Andr^  was  taken  by  the  *'  Cow-boys,"  Paul- 
ding, Williams  and  Van  Wart,  after  his  conference 
with  Arnold.  v.  .  r 

Sleepy  Hollow  is  a  little  to  ths  north  of  Tarrytown. 

Nyaek. — A  village  of  Rocklend  county,  containing 
about  650  inhabitants,  three  or  four  churches,  and  the 
usual  complement  of  taverns,  shops,  &.c. 

Singsing. — An  incorporated  town  of  Westchester 
county,  situated  in  the  N.  E.  angle  of  Tappan  bay, 
near  Teller's  point.  It  was  founded  in  1796,  and 
derives  its  name  from  the  indian  terms  Osain  ainsc^ 
(stony  ground,)  a  most  apposite  name.  Singsing  be- 
ing celebrated  for  its  marble  quarries,  as  the  ground 
plot  consists  of  a  plain  which  decHnes  rapidly  as  it 
approaches  the  river,  nearly  every  building  may  be 
seen  in  passing.  Besides  the  state  prison  near  the 
Mrater's  edge,  there  are  4  churches,  6  public  houses, 
one  ship  yard,  one  iron  foundry,  an  academy,  a  hand- 
eome  marble  building,  and  about  350  dwellings,  with 
0bout  2,500  inhabitants,  ^m;? 
^^y^he  State  Prison^  in  the  southern  part  of  the  towni 


k 


NEW-VORK    TO    ALBANY. 


47 


is  an  immenco  pile,  resembling  military  barracks. 
The  principal  building,  which  is  occupied  exclusively 
by  the  men,  is  480  feet  long,  44  wide  and  5  stories 
high,  and  contains  1,000  cells.  The  females  are  placed 
in  another  building,  which  stands  upon  the  high 
ground  in  the  rear. 

Croton  river. — From  which  the  city  of  New- York 
is  supplied  with  water,  has  its  principal  fountain  in 
Dutchess  county,  and  after  a  S.  W.  course  of  45  miles, 
enters  the  Hudson  a  short  distance  above  Singsing. 
It  is  a  beautiful  stream,  whose  waters  are  so  pure  and 
transparent,  that  its  pebbly  bottom  may  be  seen  at  a 
considerable  depth.  >         .   ^^      ;  v. 

The  Aqueduct^  which  conveys  the  water  to  the 
city,  is  a  most  splendid  work,  not  surpassed  in  mag. 
nitudo,  by  any  similar  structure  of  either  ancient  or 
modern  times.  Its  transverse  section  in  the  clear  is 
nine  feet  high,  and  seven  and  a  half  feet  wide,  its  sides 
have  an  inclination  of  about  1  in  7,  inward,  from  bot. 
tom  to  top.  It  is  nearly  42  miles  in  length,  extends 
from  the  great  dam  about  seven  miles  up  the  stream, 
through  Singsing,  Yonkers,  and  over  HarlsBm  strait, 
by  m  immense  bridge,  to  the  distributing  basin  in 
the  city.     ■'''"'■  ''■  ^'■''  ■'  - '     ■  '■'  ,-'•'! ai,;.;sW 

Teller's  Point. — A  peninsula  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Croton,  which  separates  Tappan  and  Haverstraw 
bays. 

Croton  or  Callahurg  Landing, — A  small  village 
near  Teller's  point,  containing  about  70  inhabitants. 

Warren^  or  Haverstraw. — A  village  of  Rockland 
county,  situated  on  the  western  recess  of  Haverstraw 
bay.  Population  about  450,  with  two  churches,  tav- 
erns, stores,  &c. 

Haverstraw  Bay. — An  expansion  of  the  river, 
which  is  near  about  three  miles  in  width  and  about 
seven  in  length.  Between  Teller's  point  on  the  east, 
and  Vredidicker  hook,  a  rocky  eminence  nearly  700 
feet  in  height,  on  the  west,  it  unites  with  Tappan  sea 
by  &  strait  about  a  mile  and  a  half  in  width.    At  its 


i 


■ll. 


*' 


i:- 


!1    I 


.M 


48 


ROUTE    FROM 


north  end  the  river  resumes  its  usual  width,  which 
it  maintains  for  a  short  distance. 

Stony  Point,  a  military  post  during  the  revolution. 
ary  war.  This  point  will  be  ever  memorable  in  the 
military  history  of  the  United  States,  as  the  scene 
of  one  of  (jcneral  Wayne's  most  brilliant  archiev. 
ments.  On  the  11th  of  July,  li79,  after  a  silent 
march  from  West  point,  he  suddenly  attacked  the  post, 
then  in  the  hands  of  the  British  troops,  and  after  a 
spirited  and  bloody  contest,  succeeded  in  carrying 
the  place  without  discharging  a  gun :  the  garrison 
8urrc?ndered  at  discretion.  Being  menaced  by  a  vastly 
euperi'ir  force,  General  Wayne  on  the  following  day 
withdrew  his  forces,  after  deuiulishing  the  works  and 
securing  the  military  stores. 

VerpLantk'a  City,  formerly  called  Verplanck*8 
Points  occupies  a  commanding  situation  at  the  west, 
ern  extremity  of  the  point.  It  was  laid  out  a  few  years 
since  into  iv^ts,  but  notwithstanding  its  eligible  position, 
the  city  is  still  in  its  embryo  state.  There  are  about 
30  buildings  of  every  sort,  and  some  80  or  100  inha. 
bitants.  A  short  distance  above  Verplanck,  cc  a- 
menco  the 

Highlands. — Being  that  portion  of  a  lofty  chain  of 
mountains  which  has  been  pierced  by  the  Hudson, 
presenting  to  the  eye  of  the  beholder  a  scene  of  wild 
beauty  and  picturesque  grandeur.  The  chain  here, 
upwards  of  fifteen  hundred  feet  high,  has  evidently 
been  rent  and  torn  asunder  by  the  action  of  water, 
by  which  it  is  probable  the  now  fertile  region  above 
may  have  been,  in  ages  long  past,  submerged,  until 
relieved  by  the  disruption  of  the  Highlands. 

In  some  places  the  banks  ascend  the  crest  of  the 
chain  by  easy  step,  more  or  less  lofty ;  whilst  in  others 
it  is  reached  by  a  continued  succession  of  rugged 
chasms,  abrupt  precipices  and  huge  masses  of  naked 
rock.  The  most  noted  summits  are :  Anthony^s 
Nose,  which  shows  itself  immediately  on  leaving 
Caldwell's  landing.   The  rocks  near  the  apex,  (1,128 


5EW-rORK    TO   ALBAMir.  401 

feet  above  the  river,)  present  a  rude  representation 
of  a  human  countoriance,  when  viewed  from  a  certain 
point;  Bare  Mount,  \,3^)i)  (uei;  Crows'  Nest,  1,4^0 i 
Butter  HHU\jm\  Bull  Head,  \AS&,  Breakneck  Hill, 
l,\H7  ;  New  Beacon,  IM^i  Old  Beacon,  1,411.  They 
are  moatly  covered  over  to  their  very  summits  wiihr 
dense  forests,  which  add  great  beauty  to  the  prospect. 

CaldwelV 9  Landing — A  small  setilementat  which 
most  of  the  river  steam. boats  touch.     Here  is  a  ferry  to 

Peekskill. — An  important  and  handsome  town 
of  Westchester  county,  containing  about  1.800  inhab. 
itants,  eight  churches,  one  bank,  several  extenoiva 
factories,  iron  foundries,  one  academy,  &c.  It  was 
here  that  Palmer  and  Strang,  British  spies,  were  hung,- 
by  order  of  General  Putnam,  during  the  ^evolution. 

Forts  Montgomery  and  Clinton. — Two  of  the  prinw 
cipal  defences  during  the  revolutionary  war,  whicb 
on  one  occasion  were  attacked  by  a  British  force  of 
3,000  troops,  and,  with  the  garrison,  consisting  of  600 
men,  were  captured  on  the  6th  October,  1777. 

West  Point. — I'he  seat  of  the  United  States  Mill, 
tary  Academy,  established  in  1802,  which  occupies 
an  extensive  and  beautiful  plain,  elevated  about  175- 
feet  above  the  surface  of  the  Hudson.     The  buildings 
consist  of  an  academy,  built  of  stone,  275  feet  long 
and  75  wide,  in  which  are  deposited  the  instruments, 
models  and  other  apparatus;    an  "observatory,  150 
by  60  feet,  surmounted  by  a  dome ;  two  barracks,  a 
hospital,  a  chapel,  &c. ;  a  large  hotel,  and  about  50 
other  buildings,  mostly  occupied  by  the  professors  and 
officers  of  the  institute  and  their  assistants.      The 
entire  population,  including  250  cadets  (the  number 
authorized  by  law,)  is  about  800.    Such  are  the  nume. 
rous  attractions  of  the  place,  that  it  is  visited  by  a  vast 
number  of  persons  during  the  travelling  season.   Here 
resides  Mr.  R.  W.  Weir,  author  of  the  admirable  pic- 
ture of  the  "Departure  of  the  Pilgrims,"  one  of  the 
finest  paintings  in  the  capitol  at  Washington.     In  the 
early  part  of  the  revolutionary  contest,  West  Point 


% 


i.n 


\  ■: 


'il  ''i 


50 


ROUTE    FROM 


t' 


II  !. 


/. 


becamo  an  object  of  attention.  At  several  points 
forts  were  erected^  some  of  which  are  stiil  to  be  seen 
Fort  Putnam,  situated  on  Mount  Independence,  about 
600  feet  above  the  plain,  is  ihe  first  object  seen  on  ap. 
proaching  the  point  from  the  south.  This  spot  and 
the  adjacent  country  are  memorable  as  the  scene  of 
Arnold'H  treachery. 

Cold  Spring.- — A  busy  and  thrivin/3f  town  of  Put- 
nam county,  cuntaininf?  about  200  buildings,  includ- 
ing  5  churches,  4  pubhc  houses,  one  extensive  iron 
foundry  and  machine  shop,  and  some  other  factories. 
Population  about  1,300. 

!>/ew  IVindsor. — A  small  town  of  Orange  county, 
with  950  inhabitants,  two  churches,  a  boatyard,  &c. 

Newburg. — An  important  incorporated  town  of 
Orange  county.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  on  a  bank, 
which  rises  by  a  bold  acclivity,  and  presents  a  fine 
appearance  from  the  river. 

In  addition  to  the  court-house  and  other  county 
offices,  th'^re  are  upwards  of  1,200  buildings  include 
ing  eleven  churches,  three  banks,  fourteen  hotels, 
160  stores,  three  flouring  mills,  three  plaster  mills,  one 
brewery,  one  floor.cloth  factory,  factories  of  leather, 
ploughs,  combs,  tobacco,  carriages,  d&c,  &.c.  It  has 
frequent  communications  with  New- York  and  Alba^ 
ny  by  steamers,  which  ply  confetantly  along  the  river, 
and  with  the  opposite  shore  by  steam  ferry-boats* 
The  courts  for  Orange  county  sit  alternately  here  and 
at  Goshen,  about  20  miles  inland.  Immediately  op. 
posite  Newburg  is 

.  Martinsville  or  Fiahkill  Landing, — ^Where  an  ex- 
tensive settlement  has  grown  up  within  a  few  years 
past.  The  ground  on  which  the  village  is  situated, 
forms  a  part  of  the  **  Rumbout  Patent,'*  so  called, 
which  comprehended  an  area  of  nearly  200  square 
miles.  A  considerable  portion  of  this  immense  tract 
was  continued  in  the  possession  of  Rumbout*s  de- 
scendants from  the  date  of  the  patent  down  to  the 
present  lime,  a  period  of  nearly  140 'years.     The 


^ 


i! 


IVKW-YORK   TO   ALBANT. 


« 


Schenck  and  Brett  families,  through  wjioae  influence 
and  exertionB  the  tract  has  been  so  greatly  improved, 
are  among  the  lineal  descendants  of  the  original  pro- 
prietort  ^ ' 

There  are  now  several  towns  and  villages  withiff 
this  patent,  the  limits  of  which  wore  determined  by 
a  mode  then  common  among  the  settlers,  by  which 
the  outlines  of  tracts  were  regulated  by  the  distanoo 
an  indian  could  wall'  in  a  given  number  of  hours. 

Fishkill. — Til  3  seat  of  justice  for  Dutchess  county, 
Matteawan  and  I'.shkill  Landings  or  Martinsville, 
are  the  principal  settlements  within  the  limits  of  Runu 
bout's  tract.  1'he  two  latter  may  be  re^^arded  as  one 
town,  both  having  attained  to  their  present  impor. 
tance  in  consequence  of  the  establishment  of  facto« 
ries  in  the  neighborhood.  The  site  of  Martinsville 
ascends  by  a  gentle  acclivity  from  the  landing  place, 
until  it  reaches  an  elevated  plane  80  or  90  feet  bove 
the  river,  where  most  of  the  trades-people  and  me- 
chanics reside.  An  extensivepier  aquarterof  amilein 
length,  constructed  at  a  cost  of  about  $100,000,  forms 
the  chief  landing,  which  communicates  with  the  op. 
posite  town  of  Newburgh,  by  a  steam  ferry-boat. 
There  are  in  the  village  two  places  of  worship,  four 
public  houses,  10  or  12  stores,  one  iron  foundry,  A 
machine  shop  and  flouring  mill  at  the  mouth  of  Fish- 
kill  creek,  and  about  130  other  bflildinga. 

Matteawan. — A  remarkably  neat  and  flourshing 
village  of  Dutchess  county,  situated  about  one  mile 
east  from  Martinsville,  on  both  sides  of  Fishkill  creek. 
The  ground  upon  which  the  town  is  built  is  gently 
undulating,  with  here  and  there  a  prominent  emi. 
nence,  which,  with  the  adjacent  mountains  on  the 
east,  and  the  romantic  stream  at  their  base,  alto. 
gether  form  a  scene  of  surpassing  beauty  and  love^ 
liness. 

The  town,  which  is  well  built  with  houses  mostly 
in  the  cottage  style,  having  court-yards  in  front,  pre. 
seut  an  appearance  of  great  neatness  and  rural  beaiK 


t 


•  M 


n  f 


:.'•    1 


:: 


52 


ROUTE    FROM 


w 


m 


rii,' 


:    « 


t'^- 


%y.  Il  comprises  a  principal  avenue  with  smaller 
streets,  some  of  which  lead  to  bridges  over  the  creek, 
where  many  of  the  operatives  reside.  The  factory, 
consisting  o{  several  detached  buildings,  in  which  the 
various  branches  are  conducted^  is  situated  on  the 
right  or  west  bank  of  Fishkill  Creek,  about  one  mile 
above  its  discharge  into  the  Hudson.  On  the  same 
side  are  most  of  the  dwelling  houses  and  some  beau, 
tiful  seats,  among  which  is  that  of  Mr.  P.  H.  Bchenck, 
who  is  largely  interested  in  the  Matteawan  estab. 
lishments. 

The  Episcopal  church,  near  the  Teller  mansion,  is 
a  neat  and  commodious  edifice  ;  and  m?  the  east  side 
of  the  creek  stands  the  Presbyterian  church.  Mat. 
eawan,  from  its  situation  and  salubrious  air,  is  likely 
to  maintain  its  respectability ;  the  neighborhood  hav. 
ing  been  selected  as  the  residence  of  many  wealthy 
families.  The  present  popula^on  of  the  village  ex. 
Deeds  1,000,  which,  on  the  revival  of  business,  so  great- 
ly depressed  of  late  years,  will  doubtless  increase 
lapidly.  ^.  'm^n'^im^^^^h 

.  Hamburg. — An  inconsiderable  village  of  Dutchess 
county,  6  miles  above  Martinsville. 

Marlboro. — A  small  village  of  Ulster  county,  on 
the  west  bank  nf  the  Hudson 

.  Milton. — A  small  settlement  on  the  west  bank  of 
the  river.  ♦  tll?>    ;:hi(^  . 

Barnegat  — A  busy  little  town  of  Dutchess  county, 
with  about  2U0  inhabitants,  chieily  engaged  in  Ume 
lousiness. 

».  Poiighkeepsip. — A  large  and  commercial  town  of 
Duchess  C(^nty,  and  the  dep6t  for  an  extensive  and 
productive  agricultural  district  m  the  rear.  It  i^^  about 
midway  between  the  cities  of  New- York  and  Albany, 
with  both  of  which  it  has  almost  hourly  communi- 
cation by  means  of  steam  boats  and  sailing  vessels. 
Its  manufactures,  which  are  vast  and  various,  con- 
sist of  silk  goods,  carpets,  loco  Motive  engines,  and 
railrdad  apparatus  of  all  sorts,  malt  liquors,  flour. 


?'■ 


ff'f 


NEW-TORK    TO   ALBADT. 


53 


smaller 
je  creek, 

factory, 
'hich  the 
\  on  the 
Dne  mile 
he  same 
ne  beau, 
^chenck, 
n  estab« 

insion,  is 
east  side 
1.     MaU 
is  likely 
too4  hav. 
wealthy 
illage  ex. 
,  so  great- 
increase 

Dutchess 

lunty,  on 

bank  of 

county, 
in  lime 

town  of 
Isive  and 

is  about 
lAlbany, 
|mmuni. 
I  vessels. 
J,  con- 
ges, and 
Hpur, 


plaster,  bricks,  pins,  fire-arms,  paper.hangings,  snufT 
and  segars,  cordage,  carriages.  There  are  several 
iron  and  brass  foundries,  grist  mills,  saw  mills,  ma- 
chine shops,  rope  walks,  lumber  yards,  Slc.  &.  \ 

The  oiher  buildings  consist  of  a  court-house,  jail, 
alms  house,  college,  a  gymnasium,  academy,  13 
places  of  worship,  belonging  to  the  Episcopalians, 
Methodists,  Baptists,  Reformed  Dutch,  Catholics, 
Friends,  &.c. ;  three  banks,  10  or  12  hotels,  work 
shops,  and  about  1,100  4^'^elling  houses,  with  about 
8,000  inhabitants.  In  the  town  are  also  two  female 
seminaries,  a  iyceum,  a  savings  bank,  a  whaling  com- 
pany,  3  printing  jffices,  from  which  papers  are  issued.^ 

Tho  town  occupies  one  of  the  finest  and  most  pic- 
taresque  sitcb  on  the  river,  but  owing  to  its  elevated 
and  remote  position,  it  cannot  be  seen  to  advantage 
from  the  river. 

New  Paltz  Landing. — A  small  settlement  of  Ul- 
ster county,  comprising  1  church,  1  grist  mill,  and 
about  50  other  buildings,  with  about  200  inhabitants. 

Hyde  Park, — A  handsome  village  on  the  east  bank 
of  the  Hudson,  in  Dutchess  county.  The  settlement, 
which  extends  trom  the  river  bank  to  the  post  load, 
adistanceof  neaily  amile,  comprises  about  120  build, 
ings,  including  three  churches  and  several  extensive 
manufacturing  estabhshments,  andubout750  inhabit, 
ants. 

Pelham. — A  small  collection  of  buildings  ,on  the 
west  bank  of  the  Hudson,  nearly  opposite  to 

Statesburg. — Another  inconsiderable  village  on  the 
east  side.  '  ^'w^^''^  rrwrn^f  :fi  Ti^rr:  jR-^^<«n:;A^r i^;-:^  ?  '• 

Rhynheck. — Situated  about  two  miles  east  of  tlir 
Hudson,  where  it  has  a  landing,  alcG  a  considerable 
village,  is  a  large  and  important  town,  with  a  pop. 
ulation  of  not  less  than  1,200.  Here  are  3  churches, 
4  or  5  houses  of  public  entertainment,  1  iron  found, 
ry,  1  paper  and  1  flouring  mill;  together  with  the 
usual  complement  of  mechanics*  shops,  stores,  &c.    ; 

Columbus, — A  small  village  situated  near  the  mouth 

5» 


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of  the  Walkill,  containing  a  dozen  or  twenty  houses, 
and  the  landing  place  for" 

Kingston. — A'large  and  flourishing  town  of  Ulster 
county,  situated  on  Esopus  creek,  and  three  miles 
distant  from  the  former.  It  is  an  incorporated  town, 
with  about  2,500  inhabitants;  many  of  whom  are 
extensively  engaged  in  the  coal  trade.  In  the  town 
are  a  court-house,  jail,  4  churches,  academy,  3  banks, 
6  public  houses,  2  printing  offices,  1  iron  foundry, 
tobacco,  carriage,  leather,  and  qnany  other  manufac- 
tories. Kingston,  or  Esopus,  as  it  was  originally 
called,  is  intimately  connected  with  oui  revolutionary 
history. 

It  was  taken  and  burnt  by  the  British,  on  the  16th 
of  October,  1777,  ihq,  day  before  the  ourrender  of 
Burgoyne.  The  incendiaries,  on  learning  the  fate  of 
Burgoyne,  precipitately  decamped  and  took  shelter  on 
board  their  vessels,  then  lying  in  the  Hudson.  A 
short  distance  from  Kingston  is  the  busy  little  town  of 

Eddyville. — Situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Ron- 
dout,  and  at  the  eastern  terrtfmus  of  the  Hudson  and 
Delaware  canal,  by  which  the  coal  and  other  pro- 
duce f  the  Lackawana  Valley,  in  Pennsylvania,  are 
transported  to  the  banks  of  the  Hudson.  The  chief 
seat  of  the  coal  trade  is  at  the  neighboring  village  of 
Rondout,  where  extensive  coal  depdts  are  estabhshed. 

Red  Hook  Lower  Landing,  or  Barrytown,  a  small 
BeltJement  on  the  east  side  of  the  Hudson,  consisting 
of  store  houses,  and  other  buildings  connected  with 
the  landing.     The  upper  landing  is  now  called 

Tivoli — A  much  more  important  town  than  the 
last;  it  contains  2  churches,  2  or  3  inns,  several  stores, 
2  grist  mills,  1  cloth  factory,  2  saw  mills,  and  about 
300  inhabitants  ;  here-  is  a  ferry  to  the  village  of 

Saugerties. — A  small  but  neat  village  of  Ulster 
county. 

Glasgow. — A  village  of  the  same  county,  contains 
some  250  mhabitants. 
i .  Bristol. — A  small  manufacturing  village  of  Ulster 


■u 


^ 


NEW-YORK^TO    ALBANY. 


55 


Among  the  public  eUiiiceb  are  a  court  house,  jail, 
6  churches  of  various  deRoiniriations,.and  2  Friends' 

Catskill. — A  large  incorporated  town  of  Greene 
county,  of  which  it  is  the  seat  of  justice,  ^t  is  situ, 
ated  on  the  west  or  right  bank  of  the  Hudson,  at  the 
mouth  of  Catskill  creek,  and  extends  up  both  sides 
of  that  creek  for  |  of  a  mile.  Its  population  is  nearly 
2,000  ;  and  public  buildings  are  a  court.house,  jad, 
and  other  county  offices,  H  churches,  2  banks,  12 
hotels,  besides  other  houses  of  entertainment;  to- 
i;e(her  with  the  ufiVial  complement  of  mechanics' 
shops,  factories,  &.c.  ^c.     Population  about  3,000.  . 

The  Catskill  and  Canajoharie  railroad  is  now  com- 
pleted, and  in  use  as  far  as  Gooksburg,  a  distance  of 
26  miles.  About  14  miles  W.  S.  W.  from  Catskill, 
is  the  celebrated  mountain  ho'use  of 

Pinfi  Orchard. — Which  is  situated  on  the  N.  E. 
declivity  of  Catskill  mountains,  at  an  elevation  of 
3,000  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  Hudson  river.  A 
mile  or  two  beyond  the  hotel,  are  the  Katerskill  falls. 
A  short  distance  above  the  falls  are  two  small  lakes, 
from  which  the  water  escapes  through  a  contracted 
channel,  and  is  percipitated  at  two  bounds  down  a 
perpendicular  rock  to  the  depth  of  nearly  200  feet. 
The  cataract  and  its  surrounding  objects  form  as. 
semblage  of  every  thing  that  is  sublimely  picturectjue 
and  romantic  in  beautiful  scenery. 

Athena. — An  incorporated  town  of  Greene  county, 
containing  about  1,20'J  mhabitants.  Its  chief  build, 
ings  are,  5  places  of  wdfship,  several  taverns,  20 
stores,  1  extensive  earthen-ware  factory,  and  about 
160  dwelling  houses.  .i^,.. 

Hudson. — On  the  west  side  of  the  Hudson,  oppo- 
site Athens,  is  a  large,  handsome  and  flourishiiig  city 
of  Columbia  county,  of  which  it  is  the  seat  of  justice. 
It  was  founded  in  1783,  and  chartered  in  1765,  and 
now  contains  about  1,200  buildings  of  every  sort; 
and  by  the  census  of  1840  it  was  found  to  contain 
a  population  of  5,670. 


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ROUTE^FROM 


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county,  containing  glass  works,  1  grist  mill,  &nd 
about  25  other  buildings. 

meeting  Huuscm,  an  academy,  a  luaatic  asylum,  3 
banking  houses,  markets,  hotels,  stores,  workshops, 
and  factories,  &.c.  &>c.  Its  principal  manufistctures 
consis:  of  leather,  hats,  boots  and  shoes,  jewelry, 
cordage,  sperm  candles,  malt  liquors,  iron  castings, 
and  carriages. 

Hudson  is  abundantly  supplied  with  w  itc  from 
a  spring  a  few  miles  distant. 

The  Hudson  and  Berkshire  railroad  commences 
here,  extends  in  a  N.  E.  direction,  and  unites  with 
the  western  railroad  of  Massachusetts  at  West  Stock- 
bridge,  a  distance  of  34  miles  ;  thence  the  line  pro- 
ceeds  via  Springfield  and  Worcester  to  Boston. 
■  Columbinmlle. — An  incorporated  village  of  Colum- 
bia county,  situated  at  the  junction  of  Kinderhook 
and  Clavarack  creeks,  one  mile  from  the  left  bank  of 
the  Hudson.  There  are  two  extensive  cotton  factories 
in  the  village,  which  afford  employment  to  a  large 
portion  of  the  inhabitants  ;  of  whom  there  are  about 
700  within  the  limits  of  the  village. 

Coxmckie. — A  village  of  Greene  county,  contain- 
ing 500  inhabitants,  situated  abou  one  mile  from  the 
landing  on  the  Hudson. 

Kinderhook  Landing  — Now  called  Stuyvesantj  is 
a  pleasant  little  village,  comprising  50  or  60  bu^'dings, 
including  a  church,  and  about  300  inhabitants. 

New  Baltimore. — An  active  little  town  of  some  50 
or  60  houses,  and  about  4u0  inhabitants,  situated  in 
Greene  county,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Hudson. 
i'  Coeymans. — A  manufacturiuL;  village  of  Albany 
county,  containing  two  churches,  several  taverns, 
stores  &c. ;  grist,  saw,  and  plaster  mills,  two  brick- 
yards,  and  about  800  inhabitants. 

Schodack. — A  village  of  Rensselaer  county,  with 
a  population  of  about  400,  with  a  church,  stores,  &.c. 
'^.  Castleton. — A  village  of  the  same  county,  situated 
on  the  east  bank  of  the  Hudson,  2  miles  from  Scho- 
dacH.    Population  nearly  400. 


> 


■  '-^  i  .-y^  .*-  - 


NEW-YORK    TO    ALBANY. 


57 


Greenbush  — A  large  and  flourishing  incorporated 
village  of  Rensselaer  couuiy,  situated  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Hudson,  opposite  to  the  city  of  Albany, 
with  which  it  communicates  by  steam  ferry-boats. 
Among  the  buildings,  about  130  in  number,  are  2 
churches,  4  public  houses,  12  stores,  2  grist  mills,  gas 
factory,  and  an  extensive  boat-yard.  The  present 
population  is  about  1,000,  and  rapidly  increasing. 

Here  commences  the  Albany  and  West  Stock, 
bridge  railroad,  which,  witl:  the  western  and  Boston 
and  Worcester  railroads,  form  a  continuous  hne  from 
Albany  to  Boston,  a  distance  of  200  miles. 

-,,.„..w-  «..-.'..  ALBAN  x«,_,  ,,fe,|»i^-i,,  itr'':-«{>»,:t8Jut  a 
A  large,  rich,  aud  populous  city  of  the  state  of 
New- York,  of  which  it  is  the  capital.  Few  cities 
of  its  size  have  their  public  buildings  sufine,  nu- 
merous, and  well  kept.  Here  are  many  hand- 
some churches  belonging  to  various  oe  lominations. 
The  State-house,  or  legislative  hall,  is  one  of  the 
principal  ornaments  of  the  city  •  and  the  immense 
basin  formed  by  a  pier  4,300  feet  in  length,  is  one  of 
the  largest  and  most  commodious  on  the  canal,  where 
a  vast  number  of  canal  boats  of  all  sorts  may  be  seen. 
The  streets  are  spacious  and  well  paved.  In  addition 
to  the  facilities  of  intercourse  aflfordecl  by  the  great 
Erie  and  Champlain  canals,  which  commence  here, 
those  of  the  numerous  railroads  which  centre  in  Al- 
bany are  equally  important  and  extensive.  Thus 
advantageously  situated,  it  forms  the  principal  entre^ 
p6t  between  the  city  of  New- York  and  the  north  ^ 
western  interior ;  and  with  Troy  occupies  the  com- 
nioa  centre  of  an  immense  inland  trade. 

Albany  possesses  many  splendid  pablie  and  private  ' 
buildings,  literary  and  scientific  institutions,  and  in; 
every  respect  presents  the  appearance  of    a  welt 
ordere4  and  prosperous  city.     Population,  in  1840,>, 
33,721.     It  iS  one  of  the  oldest  seitlements  in  the* 
United  Sta'  s,  t  le  Dutch  having  nad  a  fort  here  aai^ 


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early  as  1612.  Many  of  the  buildings  of  the  city,  with 
their  gable  ends  to  the  streets,  still  remain  to  mark 
its  origin.  A  large  and  respectable  portion  of  the  in. 
habitants  are  of  Dutch  descent,  many  of  whom  still 
retain  much  of  the  primitive  simplicity  and  industry 
which  characterized  their  ancestors. 

The  State  House. — A  fine  stone  building,  115  feet 
in  length  and  9U  in  width,  occupies  a  beautiful  po. 
sition  at  the  head  of  State  street,  at  an  elevation  of 
22U  feet  above  the  river.  The  grounds  which  sur- 
round  the  capitul  are  tastefully  arranged,  and  form 
one  of  the  most  attractive  promenades  of  the  city. 
The  other  public  buildings  consist  of  the  City  Hall, 
a  beautiful  ma^-ble  structure,  occupied  by  the  various 
departments  of  tne  Government ;  jail^  2  academies. 
State  Hall.  The  Albany,  Farmers'^  and  Mechanics^ 
Banks^  and  the  Museum^  are  also  remarkably  fine 
buildings ;  Medical  College  Exchange^  in  State  St.; 
Alfns.house;  2  Asylums  for  Orphans;  30  churches, 
some  very  elegant ;  8  hanking  Aou«e«,and  many  others 
equally  deserving  of  notice.  Institutions  for  the  pro- 
motion of  literature,  science,  and  the  arts,  are  numer. 
ous  and  well  conducted.  The  principal  braaches  of 
industry  carried  on  in  the  city,  comprise  carriages, 
malt  liquors,  fire  arms, jewelry,  nails,  hats  and  caps, 
snufif  and  segars,  cordage,  soap,  musical  instruments, 
tin  and  sheet  iron  ware,  printing  types,  woolen  and 
cotton  goods,  &LC. ;  and  its  commerce  is  proportion- 
ably  varied  and  extensive.  There  are  nearly  1,400 
persons  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits,  besides  a 
vast  number  employed  in  the  subordinate  branches 
of  trade. 

The  situation  of  Albany  is  one  of  the  finest  on  the 
Hudson ;  seated  partly  on  the  declivity  of  a  hill  and 
partly  on  the  mavgin  of  the  river,  it.  spreads  its  build, 
ings  along  the  bank,  and  covers  the  adjacent  eminen. 
C'js  with  its  beautiful  structures.  Its  suburbs  stretch 
in  gentle  curves  along  the  shore  above,  below,  and  in 
the  rear ;  from  whence  is  beheld  an  almost  unrival- 


I  iiii  ( 


ALBANY    TO    NIAGARA    FALLS. 


69 


led  assemblage  ofpicturedqiria  and  beautiful  aceffeiy. 
In  the  north,  the  ehojes  of  the  Hudson,  with  Troy 
and  the  little  villages  of  Waterford  and-  Laneiiiburg, 
whilst  in  the  east,  the  hills  of  Vermont,  with  their 
verdant  sides  and  towering  peaks,  bound  the  prospect. 
The  centre  contains  the  city,  with  its  public  and 
private  buildings  rising  one  above  the  other,  backed 
by  the  heights,  on  which  are  the  Capitol,  State  Hall, 
the  Academy,  and  City  Hall. 

Hotels. — CJity,  Eagle,  Mansion  House,  United 
States,  Mongomery  Hall,  American,  Clinton,  Con- 
gress Halli  Franklin,  Rensselaer,  Columbian,  &.C. 

•^■ 


ftOUTES  FROM  ALBANY. 


'If 


'»i.^ 


Route  from  Albany  to  Niagara  FalUt  Buffalo,  ^e, 
via  UticOy  Rochester^  and  BataviUj  by  railroad. 


Schenectady,  ....  16 

Glenville,  4  20 

Amsterdam, 10  30 

Tripe  Hill 7  37 

Caughnewaga, ...  4  41 

Fonda, 1  42 

Palatine  Bridge,  .11  53 

St.  Johnsville,....  9  62 

Little  Falls, 10  72 

Herkimer 7  79 

Utica,  14  93 

Whitesboro, 3  96 


Cayuga, 9  181 

Bridgeport, 1  182 

Waterloo, 9  191 

Geneva,  9  200 

Vienna, 9  209 

Canandaguia, ....  14  223 

Victor, ..10  233 

Rochester, ........  17  250 

Churchville, 14  264 

Be  gen, 7  272 

Morganville, 7  278 

Bataviai 5  283 


Oriskany,  4  100  Attica, 10  293 

Rome, 7  107  Alden, 10  303 

Verona  Centre,...  8  115  Lancaster, 8  311 

Cancstota,    11  126  Buffalo 12  323 

Fayette, 16  142  Black  Rock, 2  325 


Syracuse, 4  146 

Camillus, 8  154 

Elbridge, 8  162 

Auburn, 10  172 


Tonawanda, 9  334 

Fort  Schlosser,  ...11  345 
Niagara  Falls,..,,  1  34G 


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60 


i*  A      ROUTE    FROM 


Schenlsetady. — An  incorporated  city,  and  seat  of 
justice  for  Schenectady  couaty,  is  situated  on  the 
right  or  south  bank  of  the  Mohawk,  16  miles  from 
Albany  by  tJie  railroad,  and  30  by  the  Erie  canal. 
It  is  one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  the  state,  being  nearly 
oo.eval  ^ith  Albany.  Many  of  the  buildings  are  ele. 
gant,  but  like  all  the  ancient  towns  in  New.  York,  the 
variou ,  structures  present  a  somewhat  incongruous 
appearance.  Those  of  a  recent  date  serve  to  show  the 
advance  in  elegance  and  convenience  that  has  been 
efiected  in  the  course  of  a  few  years.  The  chief 
buildings  are,  Union  College  in  the  N.  E.  quarter, 
which  was  founded  in  1794,  and  has  since  main, 
tained  a  high  degree  of  reputation ;  a  county  court 
house  and  jail,  city  hall,  4  banks,  10  churches,  16  or 
18  hotels,  i,  extensive  cotton  factory,  grist  mills,  iron 
foundries,  together  with  the  usual  stores,  work  shops, 
factories,  &,c.  There  are  a  lyceum,  and  an  academy 
for  females.  Population  by  census  of  1840,  6,784. 
Schenectady  has  frequent  communications  with  the 
surrounding  towns,  by  the  various  railroads  now  in 
use ;  that  to  Saratoga,  via  Ballston  Spa,  is  22,  and 
that  to  West  Troy,  is  20  miles  in  length. 
f»j  Glenville. — A  neathamletof  Schenectady  county, 
^"comprising  18  or  20  buildings,  exclusive  of  1  church, 
store,  &c. 

Amsterdam. — An  incorporated  town  of  Montgom. 
ery  county,  situated  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Mo- 
hawk, containing  upwards  of  1,800  inhabitants,  and 
about  300  buildings  of  every  sort ;  including  4  neat 
churches,  a  banit,  an  academy,  several  factories,  &c. 
The  town  is  connected  by  a  substantial  bridge  over 
the  Mohawk  with  Port  Jackson, 

Tripe's  HilL—K  mere  hamlet  of  Montgomery 
county,  containing  a  church,  and  some  25  or  30  other 
buildings. 

Caughnewaga* — Another  village  of  tlie  same 
county,  comprising  about  4O  dwelling  houses  and 
a  church,  with  about  200  inhabitants.    It  communi. 


.,  -.*" 


Al/BANT    TO    ZYIAGAllA    FALLS. 


61 


catcs,  by  a  bridge  across  the  Mohawk,  with  Fulton. 
villo.     (See  route  by  Erie  canal.) 

Fonda. — A  pretty  village  of  Montgomery  county, 
of  which  it  is  the  seat  of  justice,  containing  about  400 
inhabita:\ts  and  about  70  buildings,  including  a 
couit.house,  jail,  1  grist,  1  saw,  and  1  plaster  mill, 
carding  machine,  with  the  customary  complement  of 
taverns,  stores,  and  shops. 

Falatine  bridge. — A  village  of  Montgomery  county, 
consisting  of  40  buildings,  situated  on  the  north  bank 
of  the  Mohawk,  imnr^odiately  opposite  to  Canajoharie. 

St,  Johnsville. — A  small  village,  comprising  about 
50  buildings,  with  280  inhabitants,  in  Montgomery 
county. 

Little  Falls. — A  large  and  flourishing  settlement, 
which  has  grown  up  at  what  are  termed  the  Little  Falls 
of  the  Mohawk. 

The  site  of  the  town  occupies  both  banks  of  the 
Mohawk,  which  has  obviouely  worn  for  itself  a  pas. 
sage  through  the  primitive  rock  of  which  the  mountain 
is  composed,  and  thus  formed  an  immense  gap  in 
which  the  town  is  situated.  The  rugged  and  pre. 
cipitous  sides  of  this  petra.like  gorge  attain  to  a 
great  height,  whence  a  scene  of  wild  and  romantic 
beauty  presents  itself  on  every  side.  The  beds  of  the 
Erie  canal  on  the  right,  and  of  the  railroad  on  the  left 
bank,  have  been  excavated  from  the  solid  rock,  which 
here  and  there  overhangs  the  lines,  and  seems  to 
threaten  the  beholder  with  instant  destruction. 

Little  Falls  is  essentially  a  manufacturing  place, 
having  an  inexhaustible  water  power  of  great  extent, 
which  is  still  in  some  degree  unemployed.  Woolen 
goods,  paper,  iron  castings,  malt  liquors  and  flour, 
are  its  principal  manufactures.  Every  other  article 
of  necessity,  such  as  hats,  boots,  shoes,  tin.ware  &c., 
are  supplied  by  the  numerous  minor  factories  of  the 
place.  It  contains  about  400  buildings,  including  5 
churches,  a  bank,  and  an  academy,  with  nearly 


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62 


ROUTE    FROM 


3,000  inhabitnnts.  Accesn  may  be  had  from  hence 
by  stage  to  Trenton  FhIIh,  distunt  26  miles. 

Herkimer — The  seat  of  justice  for  Herkimer  county, 
is  beautifully  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Mohawk. 
It  is  an  incorporated  town,  and  contains  about  900 
inhabitants;  tiie  chief  buildings  are  a  court-house,  jail, 
hall  for  the  county  ofHcers,  a  bank,  an  academy,  and 

2  churches. 

UticaA  "  ' 

Whiieshoro. — An  incorporated  town,  and  in  con. 
junction  with  Rome,  the  seat  of  justice  for  Oneida 
county.  It  occupies  a  fine  situation  on  the  south 
bank  of  the  Mohawk,  and  on  the  line  of  the  Erie  canal. 
Tlie  town  contiins  a  popuhuion  of  about  2,000,  a 
court  house,  jail,  4  churches,  an  academy,  an  exten- 
sive cotton  factory,  another  of  water  buckets,  a  grist 
mill,  &c. 

Hume,  formerly  Fort  Sianwix. — A  large  incorpo- 
rated town  of  Oneida  county,  of  which  it  is,  with 
VVhitestown,  the  seat  of  justice.  There  are  within 
the  corporate  limits  about  400  buildings,  including 
the  court  house  and  other  county  buildings  ;  6  places 
of  worship,  a  banking  house,  a  cotton  factory, 
grist  and  saw  mills,  furnace,  and  an  arsenal  belong, 
ing  to  the  United  States.  Here  the  railroad  leaves  the 
Mohawk  valley,  and  passes  into  that  of  the  Oswego, 
and  enters  the  little  village  of  Verona  Centre,  con- 
taining about  100  inhabitants. 

Lenox. — A  small  village  comprising  some  20  or  25 
buildings,  in  Madison  county. 

Syracuse. — A  large  commercial  and  manufactur. 
ing  town  of  Onondaga  county,  of  which  it  is  the  seat 
of  justice.  Besides  800  or  900  dweUings,  there  are 
an  academy,  court-house,  jail,  8  churches,  12  hotels, 
an  arcade,  2  banks,  3  grist  mills,  3  machine  shops, 

3  iron  foundries,  and  a  vast  number  of  mechan. 
ics'  shops,  stores  and  warehouses.  Syracuse  stands 
on  the  Erie  canal,  at  the  point  where  the  Salina  side 
canal  leaves  the  main  trunk.    The  Salina  flats  ex. 


^ 


ALBANY    TO    MAGARA    FALLS. 


C3 


tend  between  Syrficuse  nnd  the  village  of  Salinn.  In 
n  state  of  nature,  these  flats  being  low,  in  part  marshy, 
were  subject  to  occasional  inundation ;  but,  by 
means  of  extensive  drains,  they  have  now  a  dry  sur- 
face, which  is  an  exuberantly  rich  alluvial  deposite. 
'J'he  outlet  of  Salina  lake  in  Seneca  river,  having  been 
deepened,  contribute  also  to  desiccate  the  flats. 
Syrucu'o  is  celebraud  for  its  manufacture  of  salt,  of 
which  immense  quantities,  are  annually  made  chief* 
ly  by  solar  evaporation.  •     .r        v 

Camillua. — A  handsome  village  of  Onondaga 
county,  containing  about  700  inhabitants,  two 
churches,  and  nearly  )25  dwelHng  houses. 

Elbridge — A  neat  little  village  of  Onondaga  county, 
containing  two  churches,  60  buildings  and  about  300 
inhabitants.  '' 

Auburn. — A  large,  handsome  and  important  town, 
and'seat  of  justice  for  Cayuga  county.  It  comprises 
nearly  900  buildings  of  all  descriptions,  including  a 
court  house  and  other  county  offices,  a  town  hall,  a 
theological  seminary,  an  academy,  an  incorporated 
seminary  for  females,  seven  churches,  two  banks,  ten 
hotels,  one  cotton  factory,  one  planing  machine,  four 
grist  and  three  saw  mills,  factories  of  cards.millstones, 
tobacco,  machinery,  iron  castings,  leather,  carriages 
and  many  other  articles.  Auburn  is  the  seat  of  one 
of  the  State  prisons,  an  immense  establishment,  sit- 
uated on  the  right  bank  of  i  ^wasco  outlet.  It  stands 
in  the  centre  of  a  ten  acre  lot,  which  is  enclosed  by 
an  elevated  stone  wall.  The  principal  building,  which 
contains  the  various  oflTicrs,  keepers'  apar'^iients,  &c. 
is  three  stories  high  and  186  feet  front,  and  the  wings 
on  each  two  stones  high,  45  feet  in  front  and  242 
deep.  There  are  770  cells.  The  prisoners,  ususally 
about  700,  employed  in  the  various  branches  of  me- 
chanic arts. 

Owasco  lake,  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  situated 
a  few  miles  from  the  village,  aflfords  excellent  trout 
fishing,  and  is  much  frequented.     The  outlet  having 


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ROUTE    FROM 


a  descent  of  nearly  100  feet  in  a  few  miles,  furnishes 
a  valuable  and  extensive  water  power,  which  is  only 
partially  employed. 

Cayuga. — A  pretty  little  village  of  Cayuga  county, 
situated  on  the  east  side  of  Cayuga  outlet,  which  is 
crossed  by  a  viaduct  and  bridge,  each  more  than  a 
mile  in  length. 

The  village  consists  of  about  75  buildings,  among 
which  are  a  church,  several  pubUc  houses,  uad  about 
3U0  inhabitants. 

Cayuga  Lake  is  one  of  the  largest  of  the  series  of 
lakes  that  impart  great  beauty  to  this  part  of  the  state. 
It  ia  about  4U  milea  in  length,  with  a  mean  width  of 
two  and  a  half  miles,  is  of  great  depth,  and  abounds 
with  fine  fish.  Its  banks,  which  are  celebrated  fur 
their  picturesque  beauty  and  sublimity,  are  adorned 
with  orchaids  and  cultivated  fields,  and  interspersed 
wirh  towns,  villages  and  habitations. 

Steam  boats  ply  regularly  between  Cayuga  bridge 
and  Ithaca,  ut  the  head  of  the  lake,  where  the  rail. 
road  from  Owego  terminates.  About  a  mile  west  of 
Cayuga  is  .--.,'.,  ,. ,■.-.■.,  .  ..'...M-vt -^i^^;  •^t- ^v-- 

Bridgeport. — A  little  village  of  Seneca  county,  con- 
sisting of  about  30  buildings. 

Waterloo — A  large  and  remarkably  handsome 
town,  and,  with  Ovid,  the  seat  of  justice  for  Seneca 
county,  containing  nearly  3,000  inhabitants.  Besides 
400  dwellings,  there  are  in  the  town  a  court  house, 
jail,  4  churches,  an  academy,  a  bank,  10  or  12  hotels; 
together  with  a  woolen  factory,  6  grist  mills,  5  saw 
mills,  several  factories  which  produce  pails,  tubs, 
ground  plaster,  leather,  whiskey,  iron  castings,  ma. 
chinery,  potash,  soap  and  candles,  (Carriages,  boats, 
^c,  &.C.  The  town  is  beautifully  situated  on  both 
banks  of  Seneca  outlet,  which  has  been  improved  so 
as  to  render  it  navigable  for  canal  boats.  A  few  miles 
towards  the  S.  W.  it  receives  the  waters  of 

Seneca  Lake. — Situated  between  Seneca  and  Tom- 
kins  counties  on  the  east,  and  Steuben,  Yates  and 


i 


ALBAiNT    TO    fflAQARA    FALLS. 


C5 


Tntario  on  the  west.  It  is  about  43  miles  in  length, 
two  and  n  linlf  in  mean  brcadih,  and  nearly  (100  fret 
deep.  The  waters  are  remarkably  pure  and  trnns. 
parent,  containing  fiph  of  various  sorts.  It  is  nnvi- 
gated  by  steam-boafs  from  Geneva  to  J;  fferson,  where 
the  Elmira  canal  leaves  the  lake.  The  outlet  of 
Crooked  Lake  enters  Seneca  lake  on  the  west,  aAcr  a 
descent  of  270  feet  in  6  miles.  The  ba.jivs  of  both 
are  highly  romantic  and  beautiful  :  the  entire  region 
presents  a  series  of  landscapes,  which  render  it  in  a 
high  degree,  worthy  of  attention  from  the  traveler 
and  philosopher. 

Geneva. — An  incorporated  town  of  Ontorio  county, 
on  the  north-west  margin  of  Seneca  lake,  containing 
about  i,000  inhabitants.  Its  site  is  uncommonly  fine, 
rising  by  a  gentle  acclivity  from  the  water  ^ide,  ond 
affording  an  extensive  view  of  the  lake  and  adjacent 
country,  wluch  abounds  in  the  most  enchanting  and 
beautiful  prospects.  Tlie  aspect  of  Geneva  and  its 
enviroiic  from  the  lake,  is  not  less  beautiful :  the  en- 
tire scenes  will  amply  repay  the  tourist  for  his  trouble 
in  viev  -ng  it.  The  western  part  of  the  town  is,  by 
far,  r^e  ,  -latest  portion  of  it,  and  is  in  part  built  on 
an  eminence  rising  nearly  100  feet  above  the  lake. 
Its  streets  are  wide  and  kept  in  fine  condition,  with 
handsome  and  commodious  buildings,  chiefly  occu- 
pied as  dwellings.  The  lower  part  is  the  principal 
seat  of  business,  where  the  factories,  stores,  &c.  are 
mostly  located.  The  chi^f  buildings  are  those  of 
Geneva  college,  10  chrrches,  2  banking  houses,  2 
printing  houses,  several  grist  and  saw  mills,  furnaces, 
carriage  factories,  and  about  500  dwelling  houses. 

Vienna. — A  village  of  Ontario  county,  situated  on 
the  right  bank  of  Canandaigua  outlet,  comprising  200 
dwellings,  3  churches,  6  grist  mills,  1  furnace,  2  brew 
houses,  2  distilleries,  carriage  factory,  &c.  Fopula- 
tion  about  1,500.  '   '^ 

Canandaigua. — A  beautiful  town  and  seat  of  ju8» 
tice  of  Ontario  county,  situated  at  the  junction  of  Ca, 


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nandaigua  lal:  3  with  its  outlet.  The  principal  avenue 
extends  westward  from  the  lake  shore,  and  is  lined 
by  well  built  and  handsome  houses  for  a  distance  of 
nearly  two  miles.  Among  the  buildings  are  a  court 
house,  jail  and  other  county  offices,  5  churches,  3 
banks,  academy,  besides  stores,  warehouses,  facto- 
ries, mills,  &,c.     Population  2,800. 

•The  situation  ut  the  town  is  picturesque  anc!  beau- 
tiful in  a  high  degree,  and,  taken  in  connection  with 
the  adjacent  country  and  its  silvery  lake,  affords  one 
of  the  most  delightful  prospects  in  the  world.  The 
XaAre, whose  waters  are  as  clear  as  crystnl,and  abound 
with  trout  and  other  fish,  is  about  20  miles  in  length, 
one  ...  breadrh,  and,  like  the  others,  very  deep. 

Victor.-^A.  neat  little  village  of  300  inhabitants, 
situated  near  the  railroad,  in  Ontario  county. 

ROCHESTER. 

A  large  commercial  and  manufacturing  city  of 
Monroe  county,  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Genesee 
river,  above  the  great  falls,  and  six  miles  from  its  en- 
trance into  Lake  Ontario.  It  is  the  seat  of  justice 
for  Monroe  county,  and  the  third  city  of  the  state  in 
point  of  population,  which,  in  1840,  was  20,191,  but 
has,  doubtless,  increased  greatly  since  tha^.  time. 
The  Erie  canal  pas;.  ^s  through  the  city,  and  across 
the  Genesee,  by  a  splendid  aqueduct,  where  it  is 
joined  by  the  Genesse  valley  canal. 

Th  !  plar.  of  the  city  is  regular,  most  of  the  streets 
crossing  each  other  at  right  angles  :  the  public  build- 
ings consist  of  the  court  house  and  other  county  of- 
fices, 20  placea  of  worship,  college,  atheneum,  mu. 
seum,  2  asylums  for  orphans,  arcade,  25  hotels,  &,c. 
The  productions  of  the  numerous  factories  and  work 
shops,  in  and  around  the  city,  consist  of  bread-stuffs 
in  great  abundance,  cabinet  ware,  woolen  nnd  cotton 
goods,  carpets,  jewelry,  clothing,  hats  and  caps,  boots 
and  shoes,  copper  and  tin  ware,  carriages,  canal  and 
other  boats,  iron  castings,  maclr*7ery,  prepared  lum- 


\ 


ALBANY  TO  NIAGARA  FALLS. 


67 


ber,  segars  and  snuff,  saws,  buckets  and  tubs,  edge, 
tools,  and  many  other  articles.  Rochester  owes  its 
great  eminence,  as  a  manufacturing  town,  partly  to 
its  advantageous  situation,  and  partly  to  the  industry 
and  ingenuity  of  its  inhabitants.  It  is  located  in  the 
midst  of  a  fertile  country,  intersected  by  canals  Bnd 
railroads  and  on  a  river  admirably  adapted  for  man- 
ufacturing purposes.  To  the  natural  facilities  thus 
afforded,  and  the  means  of  disposing  of  its  manufac. 
tured  products  by  the  aid  of  its  canals  and  railways, 
may  fairly  be  ascribed  the  rapid  growth  of  Roches, 
ter,  and  the  great  prosperity  of  its  people.  Among 
the  intei^sting  otyects  of  Rochester,  that  of  the  falls 
claims  the  first  attention^ 

Gene^^ee  Falls. — Like  those  of  Niagara,  the  upper 
Genesee  falls  consist  of  three  principal  Chutes^  divi- 
ded from  each  other  by  clusters  of  rocks,  into  three 
nearly  equal  parts.  The  greatest  height  of  these  falls 
is  96  feet.  The  lower  fail,  about  a  raile  and  a  Jaalf 
below,  has  an  unbroken  pitch  of  105  feet,  to  a  rocky 
bed,  over  which  the  waters  pass  rapidly  to  the  head 
of  navigation,  whence  it  flows  calmly  into  its  great 
recipient,  the  "beautiful  Ontario."  „'.  . 

Mount  Hope  Cemetery. — A  rural  place  of  sepul. 
ture,  situated  in  the  southern  surburb  of  the  city,  and 
(be 

Grand  Aqueduct  over  the  Genesee,  also  deservo 
attention. 

Churchmlle. — A  small  village  of  Monroe  county, 
containing  about  50  buildings  including  2  churches, 
a  woolen  factory  and  300  inhabitants. 

Bergen  and  Morgansville. — Two  small  villages  of 
Genesee  county,  each  containing  abou'^^  200  inhabi. 
tants.  ( > 

Batavia. — Seat  of  justice  for  Genesee  county,  is 
finely  situated  on  the  north  bank  of  Tonawand  >  creek^ 
and  contains  upwards  of  2,000  inhabitants.  The  pub- 
lic buildings  are,  a  court  house,  jail,  arsenal,  2  banks, 
&  churches,  1  female  boarding  school,  1  grist  mill,  2 


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ROUTE   FROM 


furnaces,  and  others.  [Persons  destined  for  the  falls 
of  Niag-ara.  may  proceed  by  stage  hence  to  Lock  port, 
distant  30  miles,  whence  a  railroad  conducts  to  the 
falls.]     . 

Attica. — An  incorporated  village  of  Genesee  coun- 
ty, containing  about  900  inhabiJants,  2  churches,  a 
bank,  and  the  customary  complement  of  stores,  tav- 
erns and  shops.  The  Tonawanda  and  Attica  and 
Buffalo  railroads  unite  here. 

Alden. — A  village  of  Erie  county,  comprising  30 
dwellings,  1  church,  and  about  250  inhabitants. 

Lancaster. — A  village  of  Erie  county,  containing 
about  100  buildings,  including  4  churches,  1  grist  and 
2  saw  mills,  and  600  inhabitants. 

'  "    .-  BUFFALO. 

The  capital  of  Erie  county  and  a  port  of  entry, 
is  situated  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  at 
the  mouth  of  Buffalo  creek :  population,  by  census 
of  1840,  18,213.  This  city  is  admirably  situated  on 
an  elevated  plain,  and  being  almost  wholly  of  mo- 
dern date,  is  much  more  regularly  laid  out  and  hand- 
somely built  than  most  of  the  other  interior  towns. 
Buffalo,  then  a  mere  village,  was  burnt  by  the  British 
during  the  lats  war ;  but  has  risen  with  augmented 
splendor  fron^  its  ashes. 

The  streets,  which  aie  mostly  wide  and  furnished 
with  side  walks,  some  of  them  being,  in  lUe  splendor 
of  theii  stores  and  their  elaborately  painted  signs, 
nowise  inferior  to  those  of  the  Metropolis.  The  growth 
of  Buffalo  within  the  last  few  years  has  been  most 
rapid.  Along  the  lake  side,  which,  prior  to  1810,  was 
little  else  than  a  srj.ndy  flat,  now  extends  a  succession 
of  handsome  buildings,  which,  with  the  shipping  and 
the  activity  every  where  displayed,  present  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  large  commercial  city.  The  public 
buildings  consist  of  a  court  house  and  jail,  16  church- 
es, 2  banks,  theatre,  mills,  and  a  vast  number  of 
factories,  common  to  places  of  this  description.    The 


ALBANY  TO  NIAGARA  FALLS. 


69 


nrost  important  of  these  are,  3  for  carriages,  14  for 
malt  liquors,  5  for  soap  and  c«ndles,  4  for  tobacco, 
9  for  ironmongery,  2  for  chemicals,  and  8  printing 
houses.  A  pier,  1,500  foot  in  length,  extends  into 
the  lake  from  the  bank,  below  the  mouth  of  Buffalo 
creek.  Though  row  of  such  importance,  little  more 
than  fifteen  ;^ars  hav«  elapsed  since  Buffalo  was  cor- 
rectly described  by  Darby  as  "a  village  containing 
1,000  inhabitants.**  The  progress  of  the  town  in  the  in- 
terval in  commerce  and  in  the  accumulation  of  wealth 
and  population,  is  unprecedented  in  the  history  of 
settlement.  The  situation  of  Buffalo  necessarily  ren. 
ders  it  a  principal  seat  of  the  trade  between  the  east- 
ern cities  and  the  western  and  north-western  states, 
and  as  the  population  and  trade  of  those  states  in. 
creased,  it  could  not  fail  proportionally  to  augment 
the  trade  of  Buffalo. 

There  are  now  (1843)  upwards  of  75  steam-boats 
and  about  350  sailing  vessels  employed  in  the  lake 
trade,  much  the  larger  portion  of  which  centres  in  Buf« 
falo.  4,061  vessels  of  every  sort  were  entered  or  clear- 
ed at  the  custom-house  in  1840.  The  amount  of  mer. 
chandise  sent  eastward  on  the  canal  in  1826,  was 
5,131  tons;  in  1840,  177,606  tons.  Should  the  popu- 
lation  of  Buffalo  continue  to  increase  in  the  same  ratio 
as  it  has  done  for  the  last  12  or  15  years,  of  which 
there  is  no  reason  to  doubt,  it  will  contain,  30  yeara 
hence,  a  population  of  nearly  200,000. 

Blackrockf  2  miles  north  from  Buffalo,  on  the  Erie 
canal,  is  a  large  incorporated  village,  containing  near- 
ly 2.000  inhabitants,  with  eKten«ive  and  various  fac- 
tories, and  mercantile  establishments.  The  great 
pier,  built  at  the  expense  of  the  state,  deserves  atten* 
don. 

Tonawanda. — -A  village  cf  Erie  county,  contain, 
ing  700  inhabitants,  situated  on  Grand  Island  sound* 
at  the  discharge  of  Tonawanda  creek.  The  Erie  canal 
and  the  Buffalo  and  Niagara  falls  railroad  past 
through  the  village. 


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70 


ROUTE   TROM 


Fort  Schlosaer. — Built  by  the  British  during  the 
old  French  war,  stands  in  front  of  the  rapids,  about 
a  mile  above  the  falls.  Here  the  steamer  Caroline 
was  destroyed  by  a  detachment  of  British  troops  a 
few  years  since,  from  which  the  well  known  McLeod 
affair  took  its  rise. 

Niagara  Falls. — A  magnificent  cataract  in  that 
portion  of  the  river  St.  Lawrence  which  extends  be- 
tween lakes  Erie  and  Ontario,  commonly  called  "Ni- 
agara river  "  This  river  issues  from  the  N.  E.  ex- 
tremity of  Lake  Erie,  near  Buffalo,  and  runs  north- 
ward 20  miles  to  Goat  or  Iris  island,  where  it  is  preci- 
pitated over  a  hmestone  ledge  into  a  deep  and  narrow 
chasm,  whence  it  proceeds,  with  a  constantly  decreas- 
ing  velocity,  a  farther  distance  of  15  miles,  and  enters 
Lake  Ontario,  between  the  villages  of  Niagara  and 
Youngstown.  In  this  course  of  35  miles  the  river 
descends  334  feet,  this  being  the  difference  of  level 
between  Lake  Erie  and  Lake  Ontario. 

Goat  Island,  at  the  very  verge  of  the  cataract,  di- 
vides it  into  two  sheets  of  water ;  one  of  these,  called 
the  Horse^shoe,  on  the  Canada  side,  is  1,800  feet 
"wide,  and  158  feet  in  perpendicular  height;  and 
the  other,  called  the  American  Falls,  is  about  600 
in  width,  and  164  in  height.  The  breadth  of  the  is- 
land is  about  1,500  feet.  The  rock  over  which  the 
water  is  percipitated,  consists  of  a  compact  limestone 
in  nearly  horizontal  strata,  resting  upon  a  mass  of 
soft  shale,  which  decays  and  crumbles  away  more 
rapidly  thjn  the  former;  so  that  the  calcareous  rock 
forms  an  over-hanging  mass,  projecting  40  feet  or 
more  beyond  the  concave  rock  below.  -  ir;f 

By  the  continual  destruction  of  the  rocks,  owing 
to  the  eddies  and  spray  rushing  against  them,  the 
falls  have,  within  the  last  50  years,  receded  upwards 
of  150  feet ;  and  this  process  has  unquestionably  been 
going  on  for  countless  ages.  There  seems  to  be  no 
reasonable  ground  for  doubting  that  the  falls  were 
pnce  at  Queenstown,  7  miles  below  their  present  po- 


...■'    N 


ALBANY    TO    NIAGARA    FALLS. 


71 


siiion.  Such  being  the  case,  the  falls  must  be  des- 
tined, in  process  of  time,  to  iiivade  Lake  Erie  itself, 
which  would  then  be  completely  drained,  and  its 
present  bed  thus  converted  into  fertile  fields  and  cul- 
tivated gardens. 

The  depth  of  the  water  is  much  greater  on  the 
Canadian,  than  on  the  American  side ;  and  hence, 
while  the  scarcely  hidden  rocks  below  the  American 
fall  cause  the  flood  to  be  broken  into  foam,  the  deep 
green  hue  of  the  other,  is  but  slightly  changed  by  the 
crests  rising  above  it. 

The  finest  view  of  the  falls,  perhaps,  is  from  the 
Table  rock  on  the  Canadian  shore,  and  from  the  b  aiks 
above,  whence  the  rapids  may  be  embrar  ed  :  the  lat. 
ter,  however,  are  best  seen  from  Goat  Island,  to 
which  access  is  had  by  means  of  a  bridge  from  the 
American  side.  On  the  north  side  of  Goat  Island, 
the  rocks  projecting  into  the  river  mimediately  over 
the  falls  are  reached  by  another  wooden  bridge,  be- 
low  which  the  water  rushes  with  frightful  velocity, 
f  rom  these  rocks,  on  which  an  observatory  has  been 
erected,  the  view  over  the  precipice  is  at  onte  ter- 
rific and  grand. 

As  the  banks  of  the  ravine  below  the  falls  rise  to 
the  height  of  200  feet  or  more,  artificial  means  are 
necessary  for  effecting  a  descent  to  the  water's  edge. 
A  spiral  staircase  has  been  constructed  on  each  side, 
and  another  in  front  of  Goat  Island,  by  which  one 
may  descend  to  a  ledge,  styled  "Termination  Rock," 
actually  underneath  the  great  fall :  by  these  means 
the  falls  may.be  viewed  in  almost  every  possible  di- 
rection. 

Among  the  principal  waterfalls  throughout  the 
world,  there  are  several  that  excf^oii  in  height  those 
of  Niagara:  but,  with  regard  to  the  quantity  of  water 
discharged,  in  an  unbroken  mass,  there  are  none  that 
can  be  compared  to  those  of  Niagara,  In  these  re- 
spects they  afe  pre-eminent,  ,.;.,,, 


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Vi>  I:: 


72  ROUTE  tROM 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  relative  elevationf 
of  the  most  remarkable  cataracts ; 

Staubach,  Switzerland 900  feet. 

Tequendama,  S.  America, 800 

Velino,  Italy, 300 

Montmorenci,  Canada  east,  246 

Caterskill,  New  York, aiO 

Niagara,  (mean  height).... 161 

There  are  several  interesting  objects  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  faUs  which  deserve  attention ;  among  them  may 
be  mentioned  the  Burning  Spring,  near  the  outlet  of 
Chippewa  creek  whirlpool,  two  miles  below  the  falls  ; 
Sorcerer's  cave,  just  below  the  falls ;  the  battle  fields 
of  Chippewa,  Lundy's  Lane  and  Queenstown  ;  Fort 
Schlosser,  where  the  steamboat  Caroline  was  des. 
troyed ;  the  remains  of  Brock's  monument,  near 
Queenstown ;  Welland  eanal  in  Canada,  extending 
from  Lake  Erie  to  Lake  Ontario,  and  the  villages  of 
Chippewa,  Manchester  Falls,  Lewistown,  Queens, 
town,  Whitehaven  or  Grand  Island,  Tuscarora  and 
Seneca  Indians — the  former  near  Lewistown,  and 
the  latter  4  miles  S.  E.  from  Buffalo. 

The  vicinity  of  Niagara  has,  in  some  degree,  be- 
come  classic  ground.  Among  the  battles  of  the  last 
war,  between  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States, 
there  were  perhaps  none  more  sanguinary,  nor  the 
contest  between  the  combattants  so  obstinate  as  those 
of  Queenstown,  October  18th,  1814,  in  which  Gen. 
Brock  was  killed  ;  of  Chippewa,  July  5th,  1814,  and 
of  Bridgewater. 


^oute  from  Albany  to  Buffalo,  via  Vtiea  and  Bo- 
cheater,  by  the  Erie  canal. 

West  Troy, 7    Schenectady 17    30 

Cohoes  Falls,  ....  3    10    Amsterdam, ..  ...17    47 
Lower  aqueduct  .  3    13    FultonvilIe»  10    57 


\ 


y;ioAl   ALBAItT    TO    BUFFALO. 


73 


Canajoharie, 12    69 

Fort  Plain, 3     72 

Little  Falls 16    88 

Herkimer,  Up. Br.  8    96 

Frankfort, 5  101 

Utica, 9  110 

Whitesboro', 4  114 

Oriskany,  3  117 

Rome, 8  125 

New  London,....   7  132 

Canastota,    14  146 

New  Boston, 4  150 

.Chittcnango, 3  153 

Manlius  Centre,.  9  162 

Lodi, 8  170 

Syracuse, 1  171 

Geddes, 2  173 

v^amillus, 6  179 

Jordan, 11  190 

Port  Byron, 9  199 

Montezuma, 6  205 


CIy<Je, 11  216 

Lyons, 9  225 

Newark 7  232 

Port  Gibson, 3  235 

Palmyra, 5  240 

Fairport, 12  252 

Pittsford, 7  259 

Rochester 10  269 

Spencersville,  ....12  281 

Brockport, 8  289 

Holley, 5  294 

Hulberton,   4  298 

Albion,  6  304 

Knowlsville, 7  311 

Medina, 4  315 

Middleport,   6  321 

Lockpor^, 12  333 

Pendleton, 7  340 

Tonawanda, 12  352 

Black  Rock, 9  361 

Buffalo, 2  363 


West  Troy. — An  incorporated  town  of  Albany 
county,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Hudson,  im- 
mediately opposite  to  ti. .}  more  "  ancient  Troy"  of 
Rensselaer  county,  which  will  be  noticed  hereafter. 

West  Troy  is  a  new  town,  the  great  mass  of  its 
buildings  having  been  erected  within  the  last  10  or  15 
years.  It  now  contains  more  than  1,000  buildings, 
including  10  churches,  20  extensive  manufactories, 
a  bank,  a  vast  number  of  warehouses,  stores  and 
workshops,  and  about  900  dwellings,  with  a  popu. 
lation  of  5,500.  The  United  States  Arsenal,  an  im- 
mense establishment,  consisting  of  33  buildings  and 
extensive  grounds,  is  situated  in  West  Troy,  and 
forms  one  of  its  most  conspicuous  features.  The 
Hudson  is  here  crossed  by  a  fine  bridge  and  horse 
boats. 


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74 


ROUTE   FROM 


Cohoe9  Falls, — A  beautiful  and  romantic  cataract 
of  the  Mohawk  river,  situated  near  its  extrance  into 
the  Hudson.  The  principal  fall  has  a  descent  of  about 
70  feet,  but  the  entire  fall,  including  the  rapids  above 
and  below,  exceeds  120  feet.  A  fine  view  of  the  falls 
may  be  had  from  the  bridge  about  half  a  mile  below. 

Lower  Aqueduct. — Here  the  Erie  canal  crosses 
from  the  south  to  the  north  bank  of  the  Mohrfwk, 
ivhich  it  follows  for  6  miles,  and  then  repasses  the 
river,  by  the  Upper  Aqueduct,  and  resumes  its  course 
along  the  south  or  rignt  bank  of  the  stream. 

Scheneciady,i 

AmtterdamA 
« 

Fultonville. — A  village  of  Montgomery  county,con- 
taining  70  dwellings,  a  church  and  ebout  400  inhab. 
itants,  chiefly  occupied  in  manufacturing  and  the 
lumber  trade.  A  bridge  across  the  Mohawk  connects 
it  with  Fonda  on  the  north. 

Canajokarie. — A  large  and  thriving  town,  situated 
on  the  Hne  of  the  Erie  canal,  containing  a  population 
of  1,400,  3  churches,  an  academy,  2  flouring  and  2 
saw  mills,  furnace,  brewery,  &.c.  A  railroad,  hence 
to  Catskill,  is  in  course  of  execution,  a  portion  of 
which,  extending  from  Catskill  to  Crooksbury,  26 
miles,  is  now  in  operation. 

Fort  Plain. — A  village  of  Montgomery  county,  ait* 
iiated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mohawk,  containing 
1,500  inhabitants^  The  public  buildings  are,  two 
churches,  a  bank,  3  mills,  1  furnace  and  1  distillery. 

LittltFalUA  ,  ^  > 

Herkimer  upper  bridge^  extends  across  the  Mo. 
hawk  to  the  village  of  Herkimer,  situated  on  the  north. 
(See  R.  R.  route  from  Albany  to  Buffalo.) 

Frankfort  — A  village  of  Herkimer  county,  situated 
on  the  Erie  canal,  containing  500  inhabitants,  two 
churches,  a  woolen  factory,  &c.j 


.In. 


ALBANY    TO   BUFFALO. 


n 


TTliea.f 


Whiiesboro\f 

Oriakany. — A  larcfe  village  of  Oneida  county,  com- 
prising 2  churches,  2  extensive  woolen  factories,  with 
about  1,200  inhabitants. 

Eomcf 

New  London. — A  small  settlement  of  about  35 
buildings  and  200  inhabitants,  in  Oneida  county, 

Cana8tota, — An  incorporated  village  of  Madison 
county,  containing  800  inhabitants,  3  churches,  sev- 
eral minor  factories,  &c. 

New  Boston. — A  small  but  neat  village  of  Madi* 
eon  county,  containing  about  150  inhabitants. 

Chittcnango. — A  large,  handsome  and  flourishing 
town  of  Madison  county,  comprising  200  dwellings, 
3  churches,  a  railroad  dep6t,  2  water  lime  and  1 
woolen  factory,  grist  mill,  and  about  1,100  inhabi- 
tants.  A  valuable  medicinal  spring,  composed,  in 
part,  of  sulphates  of  lime,  magnesia  and  soda,  car- 
bonate  of  lime,  &.C.,  with  sulphuretted  hydrogen  and 
carbonic  acid  gases,  has  recently  been  discovered  in 
the  vicinity  of  Chittenango. 

Manlius  Centre. — A  village  of  Onondaga  county, 
containing  a  church  and  50  other  buildings,  with 
about  300  inhabitants. 

Lodi. — A  village  of  Seneca  county,  of  about  60 
buildings  and  400  inhabitantsi 

Syracuse,^      ^  ...     .-  • 

Geddes.-—An  incorporated  village  of  Onondaga 
county,  with  700  inhabitants,  1  church,  &c.  Geddes 
is  celebrated  for  its  manufacture  of  salt — saline 
springs  having  been  found  in  the  village. 

Camillus.f  .         .  ; 

Jordan. — An  incorporated  manufacturing  village 
of  Onondaga  county,  containing  about  200  building!, 
among  which  are,  3  churches,  3  grist  and  3  saw 
niillfl,  3  factories,  with  about  1,300  inhabitants.     .. 


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71 


ROUTE   FROM 


Pott  Byron. — An  incorporated  village  of  Cayaga 
county,  consistit)g  of  IGO  dwellings,  3  churches,  1 
extensive  grist  milJ,  2  leather  factories,  4  saw  mHls, 

Montezuma. — A  thriving  village  of  Cayuga  cpup. 
ty,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Eric  canal  with  the 
Cayuga  and  Seneca  canal.  It  contains  about  700 
iirhabitants,  with  1  church,  stores,  taverns,  &c.  Im- 
menso  quantities  of  salt  are  made  here  from  the  sa- 
line springs,  which  abound  in  this  section  of  the 
state.  The  Montezuma  marshes,  consisting  of  a 
narrow  strip  of  wet  land,  extend  along  Cayuga  outlet 
and' Seneca  rivsr  for  a  distance  of  \h  mites. 

Clyde. — An  incorporated  village  of  Wa)me  county, 
comprising  3  churches,  an  academy,  4  grist  milh,   i 
saw  mill,  1  furnace,  2  glass  factories,  and  about  151^ 
dwellings.     Population  about  1,100. 

Lyons. — A  large  incorporated  town  and  seat  of 
justice  of  Wayne  county,  containing  nearly  2,000 
inhabitantg.  Its  principal  buildings  <tre,  a  court 
house,  jail,  5  churches,  1  bcink,  2  h  warehouses, 
^  grist  and  2  saw  mills,  1  fUirnacd,  and  other  facto- 
ries,  which  produce  leather,  potash,  machinery,  car- 
riages. Access  to  the  neighboring  towns  is  had  by 
ihedns  of  stages,  railroad  cats,  canal  boats,  d&c, 
which  aro  constantly  arriving  at  and  departing  from 
this  active  place. 

Newark. — A  village  of  Wayne  county,  containing 
230  buildings  and  1,300  inhabitants.  Among  the 
buildings  are,  3  churches,  1  steam  flouring  mill,  2 
fu)*nacQs,  and  some  other  factories. 

Port  Gibson. — A  village  of  200  inhabitants,  with, 
a  church,  &c.,  in  Ontario  county. 

Palmyra. — A  large  incorporated  village  of  Wayne- 
county,  containing  upwards  of  2,000  inhabitants,  4 
churches,  an  academy,  hotels,  stores,  &c  ,  with  the 
customary  proportion  of  tradesmen's  warehbuses, 
shops,  offices,  &c.  It  is  delightfully  situated  in  the 
centre'  of  a  {^iKxiiuctive  agdoultursU  district,  and  is^ 


■^ 


:v.,  A 


1 


ALBAIfT   TO    BUFFALO. 


77 


altogether,  one  of  the  most  attractive  villages  of  the 
state.  Its  manufactures  are  extensive  and  valuable, 
consisting  principally  of  Hour,  iron  castings,  carriages, 
and  many  other  articles. 

Fairport. — A  village  of  Monroe  county,  containing 
about  180  inhabitants. 

Pittsford. — A  village  of  Monroe  county,  contain- 
ing  700  inhabitants,  2  churches,  &c. 

Jiockester.f 

Spencer sville. — A  village  of  Monroe  county,  con- 
taining a  church,  50  dwellings,  H  grist  and  2  saw 
mills,  a  carriage  factory,  a  furnace,  and  about  300 
inhabitants. 

Brockport, — A  pleasant  incorporated  town  of  2,000 
inhabitants,  situated  in  Monroe  county,  containing  3 
churches,  an  academy,  1  grist  and  1  saw  mill,  a 
carding  machine,  an^  many  similar  establishments. 

Holley. — A  village  of  Orleans,  containing  about 
300  inhabitants,  2  churches,  and  70  dwellings. 

Hulberton. — A  village  of  the  same  county,  with  a 
church  and  250  inhabitants. 

Albion. — Seat  of  justice  for  Orleans  county,  and 
one  of  the  most  pleasant  villages  on  the  canal,  both 
in  point  of  situation  and  plan,  tt  is  incorporated,  and 
has,  in  addition  to  the  usual  county  buildings,  2  flour, 
ishing  seminaries,  2  banks,  3  churches,  8  large  ware. 
houses  for  the  accommodation  of  the  canal  trade,  a 
grist  mill,  and  several  merchants*  stores,  taverns,  &c. 

Knowlesmlle. — A  clever  Utile  village,  7  miles  be- 
yond Albion.  It  is  incorporated,  and  has  about  500 
inhabitants,  3  churches,  and  3  or  4  factories. 

Medina. — An  incorporated  village  of  Orleans  coun<. 
ty,  situated  on  Oak  Orchard  creek,  where  it  intersects 
the  Erie  canal.  The  present  number  of  inhabitants  is 
about  900,  with  160  buildings,  including  5  churches, 
7  warehouses,  3  grist  mills,  stores,  taverns,  &c.,  &c. 

Middleportf  in  Niagara  county,  is  a  neat  village, 
comprising  70  or  80  dwellings,  2  churches,  3  grist 

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78 


nOUTE    FUOM 


and  2* saw  mills,  and  G  extensive  factories  ofkathcf, 
iron  castings,  potash,  Slc. 

Lockport. — An  incorporated  village  of  the  first 
class,  and  seat  of  justice  for  Niagara  county.  Willi 
the  exception  of  Buffalo  and  Rochester,  it  is  the  most 
important  commcrciul  and  manufacturing  town  in 
western  New  York.  Lockport  now  numbers  up- 
wards of  7,000  inhabitants,  and  nearly  1,000  buildw 
ings  of  every  description  :  included  among  the  latter 
arc,  a  court  house,  jail,  12  churches,  20  hotels,  2 
baiiks,  and  about  40  extensive  factories,  which  pro« 
duco  immense  quantities  of  articles ;  such  as  cotton 
and  woolen  goods,  prepared  lumber,  {Jtbund  plaster, 
machinery,  iron  castings,  ond  agricultui-nr  instru- 
ments of  every  .sort,  carriages,  leather,  bread  stufTs, 
and  many  other  articles.  The  power  employed  by 
these  factories  is  derived  from  Lake  £rie,  through 
the  medium  of  the  Erie  canal ;  which,  having  a  de- 
scent here  of  60  feet,  supplies  an  almost  unHmited 
amount  of  hydraulic  force.  The  prodigious  excava- 
tions  through  which  the  canal  now  passes  and  de- 
scends the  terrace  into  the  Ontario  valley,  and  the 
ponderous  locks  by  which  the  descent  is  effected, 
are  every  way  deserving  of  careful'  examination. 
This  is  one  of  the  most  costly  sections  of  the  canaf, 
having  been  cut  through  compact  rock  for  a  great 
distonce,  both  horizontally  and  vertically. 

Passengers  for  the  falls  leave  the  canal  here,  and 
proceed  by  the  railroad  a  distance  of  24  miles.  Con. 
veyance  in  almost  every  direction  is  afforded  by  the 
canal  boats,  stages,  or  cars,  which  leave  Lockport 
daily.  ■  '       ,    . 

Pendleton. — A  small  settlement  of  Niagara  county, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Erie  canal  and  Tona. 
wanda  creek,  containing  nearly  200  inhabitants. 
There  is  a  sulphur  spring  about  two  and  a  half  miles 
cast  from  Pendleton,  which  is  becoming  a  place  of 
some  resort.       .     :'■'    '     r 

Tonawanda, — A  village  of  Erie  county,  compriting 


ALBANV    TO    BALLSTON,     S1»A,    6CC.  75 


about  150  buildings,  including  a  church,  workshops, 
&c.  The  rai'rottd  from  Buflalo  to  Niagara  passes 
through  the  villa^,  which  is  on«  of  tiio  stopping 
places.  *.  , '   • 

JSufalo.i  . 


•     ii  '■ 


[sing 


Excursion  to  BalUton^  Spa^  Saratoga^  and  Lake 

George* 

Schenectady,  by  railroad 16 

Ballston,  Spa,            ••       14  3(1 

Saratoga  Springs,     •*       7  37 

Fortsville,  bysiagc, 11  48 

Glenn's  Palls,     •»    6  54 

qaldwdll,            '^ 9  63 

Ticonderoga,      "    ......:i7  KM) 

Sckenectadj/A 

Ballston  Spa. — Tho  springs  of  Ballston  Spa  have 
long  been  celebrated  for  their  medicinal  qualities, 
and  are  resorted  to  by  vast  numbers  of  invalids  and 
others.  The  waters  resemble  those  of  Saratoga, 
though  not  so  strongly  impregnated  with  the  mineral 
inj^redients  which  characterise  the  latter.  They  are 
chiefly  saline  and  chalybeate,  but  in  various  degrees. 
Some  are  exceedingly  cold,  and  strongly  charged 
with  oxide  of  iron  and  carbonic  acid  gas.  Their 
medicinal  qualit'es  are  of  the  cathartic  and  tonic 
kind.  The  chief  ingredients  of  these  celebrated' 
waters  consist  of  chloride  of  sodium,  bicarbonites  of 
magnesia  and  soda,  carbonate  of  lime,  with  slight 
traces  of  carbonate  of  iron,  silex,  and  alumine. 

In  addition  to  about  220  dwellings,  there  are,  in  the' 
village,  4  churches,  1  bank,  a  coiirt  house,  jail,  and 
several  excellent  hotels  and  boarding  houses,  reading' 
rooms,  &fx.  Bellston  Spa  is,  in  every  respect,  one' 
of  tho  most  pleasant  and  salubrious  places  of  resorf 
iif  the  county.    Here  is  a  railroad  to  Troy. 


.V  • 


80 


ROUTE    FROM 


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One  of  the  principal  drives  from  the  Spa  is  to 

Ballston  Lake,  5  miles  southward,  where  equip, 
ments  for  fishing  and  fowling  may  be  obtamed. 
A  few  miles  to  the  S.  E.  is  Bound  Lake,  another  at- 
tractive spot,  abounding  also  with  fish  and  fowl. 
The  waters  of  these  lakes  are  discharged  into  the 
Hudson  by  Anthony's  Kill. 

Saratoga  Springs. — The  most  celebrated  of  these 
springs  occupy  the  central  part  of  Saratoga  county, 
and  arc  about  cqui-distant  from  Schenectady  and 
Glenn's  Falls.  Every  accommodation  is  afforded 
the  visiters  by  the  spacious  and  elegant  hotels  which 
abound  here.  The  most  noted  of  these  are,  the 
United  States,  near  the  railroad  dep6t ;  Congress 
Hall,  near  Congress  spring;  Pavilion,  near  Flat 
Rock  spring;  Union  Hall,  opposite  Congress  Hall; 
Columbian,  near  the  Pavilion  ;  Washington  Hall,  in 
the  north  end  of  the  village ;  American,  Adelphi, 
Montgomery,  and  Mansion  House.  In  the  eastern 
suburbs,  Prospect  Hall  and  Highland  HaU \  to- 
gether with  some  oiher  hotels  and  extensive  board- 
ing houses.  There  arc  also  commodious  bathing 
houses,  circulating  library,  reading  rooms,  minera- 
logical  cabinet,  &c.,  &,c. 

Among  the  other  buildings  are,  6  churches,  a  rail* 
road  dep6t,  an  academy,  2  foundries,  printing  ofHces, 
&c  ,  and  about  325  dwellings. 

The  springs  of  Saratoga,  now  the  resort  of  thous- 
ands  of  persons  in  search  of  health  or  pleasure,  from 
almost  every  part  of  the  world,  were  discovered  long 
anterior  to  the  revolutionary  war. 

Congv'^ss,  Washington,  Putnam,  Pavilion,  Iodine, 
Hamilton,  High  Pock,  and  Flat  Pock,  are  the  namies 
by  which  the  principal  springs  are  known. 

In  addition  to  these  are  others,  called  the  Ten 
springs,  which  include  the  Union  spring,  about 
a  mile  east  of  the  others.  The  ingredients  which 
compose  the  waters  of  these  springs  are  nearly  the 
same  in  all,  difTcring  but  slightly  in  the  relative  quan* 


■1       •  :.i-'    ■•'■' 


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quip, 
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)-  ALBANY    TO   SAHATOOA.  81 

tity  of  each.  Dr.  Steel's  analysis  of  one  of  (hem, 
(Congress  spring,)  affords  a  sufficient  insight  into  the 
nature  and  qualities  of  th^  entire  series. 

From  231  cubic  inches  (one  gaJion)  of  the  water 
were  obtained — 

Grains. 

Chloride  of  sodium,  (sea  salt,) 385  0 

Hydriodate  of  soda, 3  5" 

Bi'-carbonate  of  soda, 8  982 

"  magnesia, 95  788 

Carbonate  of  hme, 98  098 

iron, '^  075 

Silex, I  5 

Hydro-bromate  of  potash,  a  trace. 

Total  Grains, 597  943 

Carbonic  acid  gas,  cubic  inches, 311 

Atmospheric  air, 7 

Gaseous  contents, 318 

Saratoga  Lahe. — Situated  about  5  miles  S.  E.  from 
the  spring,  is  much  frequented  by  the  lovers  of  roman- 
tic scenery  by  which  this  beautiful  lake  is  surrounded. 
Its  waters  abound  with  several  kinds  of  fish  ;  o^ 
perch,  pike,  pickerel,  &c.;  and  the  variety  of  wild 
fov/I  and  other  game  which  inhabit  its  borders,  afford 
ample  amusement  for  the  sportsman.  Tie  waters  of 
these  springs  flow  through  a  small  ravme  into  Owl 
lake,  thence  into  Kayaderoseros  creek,  a  tributary 
of  Saratoga  lake,  which  has  its  discharge  into  the 
Hudson  through  Fish  creek,  about  10  miles  E.  of  Sa- 
ratoga, on  the  falls  of  Fish  creek,  which  are  also 
much  frequented  as  one  of  the  "  lions  "  of  the  neigh- 
borhood :  and  a  little  further  on,  near  Schuylersville, 
is  the  battle-ground  of  Saratoga,  where  the  British 
txxwy,  under  General  Burgoyne,  surrendered  to  the 
American  forces,  October  17,  1777. 
Fortsville. — A  post  office  of  Moreau  township. 


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QlerCs  Falh. — A  cataract  or  rather  a  cascade  of  the 
Hudson,  with  an  entire  descent  of  70  feet.  The  rock 
is  here  cut  and  abraided  in  the  most  extraordinary 
manner;  caves,  crevices,  and  gorges  of  almost  every 
imaginable  form  are  presented  to  the  sight;  over 
which,  or  throngli  which  the  water  plunges,  or  silently 
insinuates  itself,  untiMt  reaches  the  bed  below,  where 
it  calmly  ropoccs  as  if  wearied  with  the  mighty  strug- 
gle just  ended. 

The  rock,  an  horizontal  secondary  limestone,  is  rich 
in  its  appropriate  fossils.  Some  of  the  finest  speci- 
mens of  the  trilobite  have  been  found  here,  together 
with  many  other  organic  remains. 

The  falls  can  be  best  seen  from  the  fine  new 
bridge,  immediately  below. 

Here  an  extensive  and  thriving  town  has  grown 
lip,  consisting  of  nearly  300  buildings  with  about  ?,00C 
inhabitants.  Among  the  former  are,  3  churches,  10 
or  V2  mills  of  various  sorts,  some  for  sawing  the 
beautiful  black  marble  which  is  found  on  both  sides 
of  the  river. 

Jessup^s  Falls. — Ten  miles  above  Glen's  Falls  is  a 
cataract  of  the  Hudson,  which  here  descends  in  an 
unbroken  sheet  from  a  height  of  100  feet.  Hadley'a 
Falls  3  or  4  miles  higher  up  the  stream,  also  deserves 
attention. 

Caldwell — A  village  and  scat  of  justice  of  Warren 
county,  contniiiiij^f  about  225  inhabitants,  a  court 
hou?e,  jail,  1  church,  several  hotels,  mills,  &,c. 

Among  the  relics  of  former  wars  in  this  vicinity, 
are  Forts  Geor(rr>,  south. ^ast  of  the  village,  Willium 
Henry,  near  the  former,  and  Gage;  and  still  further 
eoufh-east,  is  Bloofly  Pond,  into  which  the  dead 
bodies  of  about  1,000  Fr/mch  and  English  soldiers 
were  thrown  after  the  battle  of  Sept,  7,  1775. 
;  The  Lake  House. — The  principal  fiotel  of  the  place, 
13  much  resorted  to,  and  i»  the.  point  of  departure  of 
the  steamboat  which  condudu  (he  troveh  r  through 

Lake  George. — One  of  Iho  rnost  beautiful  and  ro- 


:  *' 


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ALBANY    TO    BALLSTO:*    SPA,    &C. 


83 


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mantic sheets  of  water  in  the  state,  is  connected  by 
a  narrow  channel  and  deep  faU  with  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  to  which  it  is  tributary.  It  has  in  its  immedi- 
ate vicinity,  or  ralhcr  risin^^  from  its  banks,  some  of 
the  most  elevated  summits  in  this  part  of  the  state, 
having  their  precipitous  sides  covered  with  forest 
trees. 

There  is  a  vast  number  of  small  islands  in  the  lake, 
many  of  which  arc  picturesque  and  beautiful  to  a 
high  degree.  One  of  them  {Diamond  Island)  con- 
tains beautiful  quartz  crystals,  resembling,  in  their 
purity  and  form,  diamonds  of  the  first  water.  Travel- 
ers uniformly  bear  testimony  to  the  tranquil  beauty 
and  sylvan  scenery  which  charac\eriz;3  this  beautiful 
spot.  Nature  here  assumes  her  most  charming  and 
alluring  aspect,  to  gracify  and  astonish  her  admirers ; 
here  rocks  piled  on  rocks  rise  to  a  towering  height,  and 
seem  to  threaten  with  instar*  destruction  those  who 
venture  beneath  their  overhanging  summits,  In  some 
places,  the  scenery  is  of  the  softest  and  most  agree- 
able kind,  consisting  of  finely  sloping  banks  orna- 
mented with  foliage  of  every  hue.  The  beauty  of  the 
scene  has  not  yet  been  marred  by  the  encroachment 
of  art ;  nature  V  jre  rel^^ns  triumphant.  The  waters 
of  the  lake,  which  are  elevated  240  feet  above  the 
ocean,  and  perfectly  pure  and  transparent,  abound 
with  salmon,  trout,  pickeiel,  pike,  perch,  silver  and 
lake  trout.     At  the  foot  of  the  lake  is 

Alexandria  — A  village  of  Essex  county,  situated 
on  Lake  Champlain,  at  the  outlet  of  Lake  George, 
containing  about  300  inhabitants,  mostly  engaged  in 
the  lumber  trade. 

The  fall  between  the  two  lakes,  which  is  nearly  20O 
feet,  affords  an  abundant  supply  of  water  for  man- 
ufacturing purposes ;  but,  with  the  exception  of  some 
5  or  6  saw  mills  and  a  few  other  works,  the  im- 
mense water  power  whicl*  nature  has  here  provided, 
remains  almost  wholly  unemployed. 

Fort  Ticonderoga. — Situated  on  the  northern  point 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  two  lakes.    Of  this  once 


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important  work  nothing  but  the  broken  walls  remaitaf 
presenting  a  melancholy  contrast  with  the  animated 
scenes  around.  It  is  considerably  elevated  above 
Lake  Champlain,  which  is  seen  for  a  great  distance 
towards  the  north  and  south.  Its  position,  it  waa 
considered,  rendered  the  post  nearly  impregnable  until 
attacked  from  a  more  elevated  point  on  the  opposite 
side  of  the  outlet  of  Lake  George,  which  had  until 
then  been  deemed  inaccessible. 

The  most  important  incident  connected  with  thila 
post,  then  in  the  possession  of  the  French,  was  the  at- 
tack of  Gen.  Abercrombie,  with  a  force  of  16,000  men, 
on  the  5th  of  July,  1758;  who  was  signally  repulsed 
with  a  loss  of  3,000  men,  whilst  that  of  the  French 
did  not  exceed  50.  The  French  garrison  consisted 
of  3,000  men,  including  Indians. 

The  steamboats  of  Lake  Champlain  stop  at  the 
landing  near  Fort  Ticonderoga,  by  which  passage 
may  be  had  to  St.  Johns,  and  thence  to  Montreal. 


Route  from  Albany  to  Montreal^  via  Saratoga^  Lake 

Champlain,  ^c, 

Saratoga, 37 

Sandy  Hill,  by  stage, 19     56 

Kingsbury        "  5     61 

Fort  Ann         •• 5     66 

Whitehall         "  11     77 

Ticonderoga,  by  steamboat, 26  103 

Crown  Point, .....14  117 

Westport,  by  steamboat, 11  128 

Essex,  "  11  139 

Fort  Kent,         "  * 18  157 

Plattsburg  "  18  175 

Rouse's  Point,  "  30  205 

St.  Johns,  "  22  227 

La  Prairie,  by  railroad, 16  243 

Montreal,  by  steamboat 9  252 

^ndy  HUL — An  incorporated  vill^e  and  seat  o^ 


ALBANY    TO    MONTREAL. 


85 


justice  of  WashinfitorT  county,  with  a  population  of 
1,100,  and  some  200  buildings,  iiickidijig  a  court 
liuuse,  jail,  &,c.;  3  churcljcs,  1)  exleiisive  factorica 
propelled  by  the  water  of  the  Hudson,  which  here  falls 
about  12  foet.  A  short  distance  behr.v  the  village  are 
Bakefs  Falls,  having  an  unbroken  descent  of  50  feet. 

A  navigable  feeder  of  tlie  Chain{)iain  canal,  and 
the  Saratoga  and  Washington  railroad,  pass  through 
the  village. 

Kingsbury. — A  small  hnmlet  of  Washington  county, 
containing  a  church  and  20  or  25  buildir.gs. 

Fort  Ann — iVn  incorporated  village  of  the  same 
county,  situated  on  the  Champlain  canal,  comprising 
3  churches  and  nearly  100  ylher  buildings,  with 
about  GOO  inhabitants. 

Whitehall. — An  incorporated  town  of  Washington 
county,  situated  at  the  extreme  head  of  Lake  Cham- 
plain.  It  contains  about  2.500  inhabitants,  350 
dwellings,  3  churches,  a  bank,  15  factories,  besides 
a  due  proportion  of  taverns  and  workshops ;  but  its 
chief  business  is  coiniected  with  the  canal  and  trans- 
portation tjrade.  Here  the  Champlain  canal  termi- 
nates, and  here  the  lake  navigation  commences. 
Steamboats  and  sailing  vessels  on  the  former,  and 
canal  bo^ts  on  the  hitter,  are  the  chief  modes  of  con- 
veyance employed  here,  and  are  very  extensively 
used.  Canal  boats  depart  twice  a  day  for  Troy,  and 
steam  once  a  day  for  St.  Johns  and  the  intermediate 
places. 

Ticonderoga.f 

Crown  Point. — A  mihtary  post  of  former  times,  of 
which  the  ruins  only  remain  :  they  may  be  seen  from 
the  water,  perched  upon  a  point  on  the  side  of  the 
lake,  opposite  Cedar  poinl, 

Westport. —  village  of  Essex  county,  on  the  west 
shore  of  Lake  Chwmplain,  containing  600  inhabitants, 
2  churched,  an  academy,  &,c.  There  is  a  ferry  here 
to  the  opposite  shore  of  the  lake. 

8 


X 


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H 

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It 

. 

'■ 

^ 


8G 


ROVT£    FROM 


Essex. — A  village  of  the  sanle  county,  situated  on 
the  west  shore  of  Lake  Champlain,  containing  G50 
inhabitants,  3  churches. 

A  ferry  cumniunicaLca  with  the  village  of  Charlotte, 
on  the  eastern  shore. 

Fort  Kent. — A  busy  little  village  of  Essex  county, 
with  about  300  inhabitants,  a  church,  and  the  usual 
proportion  of  taverns,  workshops,  dec.  The  position 
of  Port  Kent  is  one  of  great  beauty  ;  it  affords  an  ex- 
tensive view  of  the  lake,  and  opposite  shore  of  Ver- 
mont. 

Plattshurg. — An  incorporated  village  and  seat  of 
justice  of  Clinton  county,  situated  at  the  head  of  Cum- 
berland bay,  Lake  Cliainplain,  at  the  outlet  of  the 
Saranac.  Its  present  population  is  about  2,750.  The 
chief  buildings,  besides  the  United  States  barracks 
in  the  south  part  of  the  village,  are,  a  court  house,  jail, 
4  churches,  a  bank,  an  academy,  20  factories  which 
produce  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  flour,  prepared 
marble,  lumber,  leather,  machinery,  soap  and  candles, 
besides  many  other  articles  from  the  shops,  &-c.  The 
falls  of  the  Saranac  having  an  entire  descent  of  about 
40  feet,  supply  a  water  power  of  great  extent. 
Plattsburg  is  favorably  situated  both  in  regard  to  the 
lake  trade  and  that  of  the  interior,  which  is  extremely 
rich  in  agricultural  and  mineral  productions. 

Plattsburg  and  its  vicinity  are  memorable  as  the 
scene  of  most  important  events  during  the  recent 
conflict  with  Great  Britain.  It  was  near  this  place 
that  the  British  General,  Sir  George  Prevost,  witl^ 
14,000  men,  was  signally  defeated  by  the  Americari 
General,  Macomb,  with  only  3,000  men,  on  the  J  1th 
of  September,  1814;  and  on  the  same  day  another 
victory,  equally  decisive,  was  achieved  over  a  Britisli 
fleet  by  Com.  M'Donough,  with  a  force  greatly  1% 
ferior  to  that  of  the  English. 

Rouse^s  Point, — On  the  west  shore  of  Iiake  Cham, 
plain  is  the  seat  of  an  important  mihtary  work,  com- 
menced by  the  American  government  prior  to  the  lato 


(N^j*" 


ALBANT    TO    MOtfTREAt. 


87 


war ;  but  on  fixing  the  boundary  line  between  thn 
United  States  and  Canada,  under  the  treaty  of  Ghent, 
it  was  found  to  be  north  of  the  line,  and  consequently 
within  the  British  territory.  It  thus  became  Biitish 
property,  and  as  such  was  held  by  the  provincial 
government,  until  restored  to  the  United  States  in 
obedience  to  the  Ashburton  treaty  of  1842. 

St.  Johns, — This  is  the  first  important  place  on  the 
lake,  or  rather  outlet  of  Champlain,  within  the  British 
dominions.  It  is  situated  about  21  miles  north  of  the 
boundary  line,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Sorel,  and  com-, 
municales  by  railroad  with 

La  Prairie. — A  neat  little  village  of  La  Prairie 
District,  Canada  East,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  St.  Lawrence,  opposite  the  south-east  angle  of 
Montreal  island.  A  steamboat  plies  between  La 
Prairie  and  Montreal. 

Montreal,  f 


Boute  from  Albany  to  Montreal,  via  Troy,  Easton, 
and  Whitehall^  by  stage  and  steamboat* 

Troy f 

Lansingburgh, 3  9 

Schagticoke  point, 7  16 

Easton 10  26 

Argyle, 20  46 

Hartfort, 10  56 

Granville, 7  63 

Whitehall, 9  72 

Montreal,  as  above, 175  247 

Troy.i 

Lansingburgh. — An  incorporated  village  of  Renau 
ielaer  county,  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Hudson,  con- 
taining 3,200  inhabitants.  In  addition  to  500  dwell, 
ing  houses,  there  are  7  places  of  worship,  1  bank,  an 
academy,  and  26  extensive  factories,  whose  produce 
is  iron  and  copper  ware,  floor  cloth,  brushesv  prepared 


'■  I  ^    i : 


I  ii     i 


'it: 


88 


IlOUTi:    FROM 


gypsniiis,  flour,  firc-arma,  eoap  and  candles,  malt 
liquors,  fihoca  nnd  boots,  lints,  Jkc. 

Lansingburg  is  environed  by  a  beautiful  and  exceed- 
ingly populous  country.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the 
Hudso?!,  which  is  here  crossed  by  a  bridge,  is 

Wate.rford. — A  very  handsome  and  thriving  vil- 
lage of  Saratoga  county. 

The  Diamond  Hock. — A  celebrated  eminence,  com- 
posed in  part  of  quartz  crystal,  is  situated  about  one 
mile  east  from  the  village. 

Schagticoke. — A  small  settlement,  with  a  post  of- 
fice, in  Rensselaer  county. 

Easton. — -A  village  of  Washington  county,  con- 
taining 350  inhabitants,  3  churches,  with  the  usual 
complement  of  stores,  taverns,  &c. 

Argyle. — An  incorporated  village  of  the  same 
county,  containing  550  inhabitants,  with  3  churches, 
grist  and  saw  mills,  stores,  &c. 

Hartford. — A  little  village  of  the  same  county, 
containing  150  inhabitants,  2  churches,  &c. 

Granville. — A  village  of  Washington  county,  of 
100  buildings,  with  about  600  inhabitants. 

Whitehall 

Montreal.i 


From  Albany  to  Whitehall^  by  the  Champlain  canal. 
West  Troy,. 


7  Fort  Miller, 5  40 

Waterford 4     11  Fort  Edward,  ....  8  48 

Mechanicsville,...  8     19  Kingsbury,  5  53 

Stillwater, 4     23  Fort  Ann, 7  60 

Bemus*  Heights,  .  3     26  Whitehall, 12  72 

Schuylersville,....  9     35 

West  Troy.f 

Waterford. — An  incorporated  village  of  Saratoga 
county,  situated  on  the  Hudson,  where  it  is  joined 
by  the  north  outlet  of  the  Mohawk.    The  village  con- 


i  f 


ALDAIVT    TO    WHITEHALL. 


89 


tatn§  4  churches,  1  bank,  nn  ocadcmy,  and  17  exten- 
sive factories,  which  produce  leather,  fire  engines, 
machinery,  iron  castings,  buttons,  cordage,  flour, 
cotton  goods,  &.C.  Tho  village  is  connected  with 
Lansingburgh  by  a  fine  wooden  bridge.  .The  Rens- 
selaer and  Saratoga  railroad  from  Troy  passes  through 
the  village. 

J/cc/^anicsvfZ/c.— Situated  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
Hudson,  in  Saratoga  county,  contains  about  100 
buildings  and  550  inhabitants.  Among  the  former 
are,  2  churches,  a  cotton  factory,  1  grist,  1  saw  and 
1  plaster  mill.  The  village  is  intersected  by  the 
railroad  from  Troy  and  Saratoga,  and  the  Champlain 
canal, 

Stillwater^  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Hudson,  in 
Saratoga  county,  contains  about  500  inhabitants,  3 
churches,  an  academy,  &c. 

Stillwater  is  distinguished  in  the  annals  of  the  revo- 
lution. The  battles  of  Saratoga,  Bemus*  Heights, 
&c.,  which  resulted  in  the  surrender  of  General  Bur. 
goyne  to  the  Americans,  under  General  Gates,  in 
1777,  were  fought  in  this  neighborhood. 

Bemus'  Heights. — The  field  on  which  one  of  the 
battles  just  mentioned  took  place.  A  small  settle- 
ment, with  a  post  office,  now  occupies  the  ground. 

Schuyler svillct  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Hudson, 
in  Saratoga  county,  contains  600  inhabitants,  3 
churches,  an  academy,  1  cotton  and  1  woolen,  1  iron 
ware,  1  machine,  and  some  other  factories.  It  was 
near  this  village  that  Burgoyne  surrendered,  October 
17th,  1777. 

Fort  Miller^  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Hudson,  in 
Washington  county,  contains  300  inhabitants,  a 
church,  and  3  or  4  factories. 

There  is  a  fall  here  of  20  feet,  and  a  dam  of  8 
feet,  by  which  the  water  is  raised  to  supply  the  canal. 

Fort  Edward^  of  Washington,  contains  500  inhab- 
itants, a  church,  and  several  factories,  stores,  &c. 

The  village  derives  its  name  from  a  fortress,  built 

8* 


If  y 


i  H 


90 


UOUTE    FROM 


during  the  old  French  wnr.  It  is  also  memorable  as 
the  scone  of  a  most  siiocking  tragedy,  in  which  Mist 
McCrea  was  murdered  by  a  party  of  Indians,  who 
had  undertaken  to  convey  her  to  lior  friends ;  but  a 
dispute  having  arisen  among  thein  respecting  the 
promised  reward,  and  being  attacked  by  a  party  of 
American  soldiers,  tlicy  slew  the  unfortunate  young 
lady,  whom  they  kft  on  the  ground,  tomahawked  and 
scalped. 

Kingsbury. — A  small  hamlet  and  post  ofRce  in 
Washington  county. 

Fort  Ann. — An  incorporated  village  of  Washing- 
ton county,  situated  on  tlie  left  bank  of  Wood  creek, 
a  tributary  of  Lake  Champlain.  It  contains  80  dwell- 
ings, 3  churches,  and  about  500  inhabitants.  The 
remains  of  old  Foit  Ann,  erected  in  1756,  may  still 
bo  seen  hero. 

Whiiehall.i 


From  Albany  to  Ithaca^  via  Cooperstown^  by  stage. 


Duanesburg,  

Esperance, 6 

Chorry  Valley,.. ..26 

Cooperstowii, 12 

Kurlington,  10 


20  Smyrna 20     94 

26  Deruyter 21  115 

52  Truxton 10  125 

G4  Cortland 13  138 

74  Ithaca, 21  150 


t)uane<:bui  g. 


"A  small  settlement,  with  a  post 
office,  in  Schenectady  county. 

Esperance. — An  incorporated  village  of  Schoharie 
county,  containing  500  inhabitants,  a  church,  and 
some  small  factories. 

Cherry  Valley. — An  incorporated  village  of  Otsego 
county,  containing  1,200  inhabitants,  3  churches,  a 
bank,  an  academy,  &c. 

About  18  miles  beyond  Esperance  are 

Sharon  Springs,  which  have  of  late  attracted 
unusual  attention ;  they  are  situated  in  the  towa  of 
Sharon,  Schoharie  county,  a  few  miles  east  of  Cherry 


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ALBANY    TO    ITHACA.  $1 

Valldy.  The  waters  of  tliesc  springs,  which  resemblo 
those  of  Central  Virginia,  being  highly  charged  with 
sulphuretted  hydrogen  gas,  are  ellicacious  in  rheum- 
atic,  cutaneous,  and  dyspeptic  disordc-rs.  Tiie  mine- 
ral substances  found  on  analyzing  one  gallon  of  the 
water,  were 

Sulphate  of  lime, Ill  62grains. 

*♦     magnesia 42  40  " 

Chloride  of  sodium, 2  24  " 

"    magnesium, 2  40  " 

Hydro-sulphurct  of  sodium,,   i 

♦«    calcium,..  >     2  28  /• 
Vegetable  extractive  matter, .  3 

Total  grains IGU  94 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen  gas,  IG  cubic  inches. 

Situated  in  one  of  the  most  salubrious  sections  of 
the  state,  surrounded  by  romantic  and  beautiful  sce- 
nery, with  waters  possessing  in  a  high  degree  medical 
and  healing  properties,  the  springs  of  Sharon  must 
henceforward  be  r-garded  as  one  of  our  most  attract- 
ive and  fashionablu  watering  places.  A  splendid 
hotel,  built  on  a  liberal  soale,  has  b.  n  eret  ted  for  the 
accommodation  o*^' invalids  and  oti        . 

Travelers  from  -Ibany  desti'ied  r  these  springs, 
have  a  choice  of  r  'ute.  In  addiiioi.  to  the  above, 
cither  the  railroad  Erie  canal  may  be  taken  to 
Canajoharie,  whence  to  the  springs  it  isiijoullSI 
miles. 

Cooperstown. — An  incorporated  village  and  seat 
of  justice  of  Otsego  county.  It  occupies  a  fine  posi- 
tion on  the  outlet  of  Otsego  lake,  commanding  an 
extensive  view  of  the  lake  and  adjacent  country.  Its 
population  is  about  1,500.  A  court  house,  jail,  5 
churches,  a  bank,  an  academy,  and  sone  extensive 
storehouses,  constitute  its  cl'f  buildings. 

Burlington. — A  small  b  unl  •.;,  with  a  post  office, 
in  Otsego  county. 


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Hiotographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14S80 

(716)S72-4503 


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Smyrna. — An  Incorporated  village  of  Chenango 
county,  containing  450  inhabitants,  2  churches,  and 
3  factories. 

Deruyter, — An  inccrporateu  village  of  Madison 
county,  having  400  inhabitants,  2  churches,  an  acad<r 
emy,  shops,  &c. 

Truxtun — A  village  of  300  inhabitants,  2  churches, 
a  furnace,  and  2  or  3  minor  factories. 

Cortland. — Seat  of  justice  of  Cortland  county,  con- 
taining 1,300  inhabitants,  the  usual  county  buildings, 
3  churches,  3  mills,  and  some  mechanics*  shops. 
The  site  of  Cortland  is  well  chosen,  and  the  village 
itself  is  handsome  and  well  buiji, 

Ithaca. — An  incorporated  village  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice of  Tompkins  county,  is  beautifully  located  on 
Fall  creek,  near  the  southern  angle  of  Cayuga  lake. 
Its  plan  is  judiciously  arranged,  with  wide  and  com- 
modious streets,  lined  with  neat  and  some  splendid 
houses ;  and  in  all  respects  it  is  one  of  the  finest,  as 
it  is  the  largest,  town  in  this  section  of  the  state. 
Population  about  4,500.  The  public  buildings  con- 
sist of  a  court  house,  jail,  C  churches,  an  academy, 
3  banks,  &c.  The  factories  are  located  principally 
upon  Fall,  Caecadilla,  and  Six  Mile  creeks,  which 
afford  an  abundance  of  hydraulic  power.  Among 
these  are,  I  paper  mill,  3  furnaces,  1  oil  mill,  1  cot- 
ton and  1  woolen  factory,  2  plaster  and  2  floiiring 
mills,  1  brewery,  2  machine  shops,  1  carding  mill, 
and  others ;  together  with  an  extensive  rope  walk, 
boat  yard,  &c.  Its  advantages  for  trade  are  in  no 
respect  inferior  to  those  already  mentioned.  It  has 
a  water  communication  with  the  Erie  canal  to  the 
north,  by  means  of  Cayuga  lake  and  its  outlet,  which  is 
navigated  by  steamboats.  Towards  the  south,  extends 
the  Ithaca  and  Owego  railroad  ;  and  on  all  sides  are 
several  good  common  roads,  leading  to  Binghamton, 
Cortland,  Cayuga,  Geneva,  Jefferson,  and  Elmira, 
reBpectively. 


ALBANY    TO    BOSTOrf. 


93 


nango 
3,  and 

Eidison 
,  acad-' 

ircbes, 

y,  con- 

ilding8, 
shops, 
village 

of  jus. 
Etted  on 
era  lake, 
[id  com- 
Bplendid 
inest,  as 
le  state, 
igs  con- 
jademy, 
ncipaliy 
I,  which 
Among 
ill,  1  cot- 
flouring 
ing  milli 
le  walk, 
e  in  no 
It  has 
|l  to  the 
[which  is 
extends 
lides  are 
lamton, 
Elmira, 


Route  from  Albany  to  Boston^  by  railroad, 

Kinderhook, 16 

Chatham  four  corners, 7     23 

Richmond, 18     41 

Pittsfield, •. 8     49 

Dalton, 5     54 

Washington, 8     62 

Chester, 19     61 

Springfield, 21  102 

Palmer,  15  117 

Warren, 10  127 

Charlton, 16  143 

Worcester, 13  156 

Framingham, 23  179 

Boston, 21  200 

Kinderhook. — An  incorporated  village  of  Colum- 
bia county,  containing  nearly  1,500  inhabitants,  2 
churches,  1  banking  house,  and  factories  of  carriages, 
hats,  leather,  &c. 

Chatham  four  corners. — A  little  village  of  Colum- 
bia county,  comprising  30  dwelling  houses,  with  about 
180  inhabitants. 

Richmond, — An  incorporated  town  of  Berkshire 
county,  Mass.,  containing  1,097  inhabitants,  chiefly 
employed  in  agriculture.  Its  manufactures  consist 
of  pig  iron,  shovels,  leather,  boots,  shoes,  &.c. 

Pittsfield. — A  large  manufacturing  town,  and  the 
centre  of  an  extensive  agricultural  district  of  Berk- 
shire, Mass.,  containing  3,747  inhabitants.  The 
place,  originally  called  Pontoosuck  by  the  Indians, 
was  for  many  years  a  frontier  town,  garrisoned  f6r 
the  protection  of  the  inhabitants  against  hostile  In- 
dians. Pittsfield  is  finely  situated  in  the  Houdatbnic 
Valley,  at  an  elevation  of  1,000  feet  abovfe  the  ocean, 
and  surrounded  by  a  country  beautifully  variegated 
by  hill  and  dale. 

Its  manufactures  consist  of  cotton   and  woolen 


94 


ROUTE  rnoM 


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goods  to  a  great  amoant,  fire  arms,  iron  castings,  tin 
ware,  &c. ;  and  its  chief  buildings  are,  ^1  churches,  a 
banking  house,  academy,  1  cotton  factory,  &c. 

Ballon. — An  incorporated  town  of  Berkshire, 
Mass.,  containing  1,255  inhabitants.  The  produce 
of  its  factories  consists  of  woolen  goods,  iron  castings, 
leather,  paper,  boots  and  shoes. 

Washington. — An  incorporated  town  of  Berkshire, 
Mass.,  containing  991  inhabitants,  1  church,  8  saw 
and  1  grist  mills. 

Chester, — A  town  of  Hampden  county,  Mass.  con- 
taining 1,632  inhabitants,  2  cotton  and  1  woolen 
factories,  ]  fulling  mill,  5  saw  and  2  grist  mills, 
stores,  &c. 

Springfield. — A  large  and  beautiful  town  of  Hamp- 
den county,  of  which  it  is  the  seat  of  justice,  situated 
on  the  east  or  left  bank  of  the  Connecticut,  incorpo. 
rated  in  1645.  It  comprises  the  usual  county  build, 
ings,  court  house  &.C.,  6  churches,  8  cotton,  4  paper, 
and  3  leather  factories,  2  breweries,  3  saw  and  3 
grist  mills,  several  printing  offices,  from  which  four 
weekly  papers  are  issued,  3  academies.  Population 
of  the  township,  including  the  village  of  Chickopee, 
4  miles  above  Springfield  village,  10,935. 

The  United  States  has  here  an  extensive  manufac. 
tory  of  arms,  consisting  of  4  large  brick  buildings 
and  several  work  shops,  and  employing  about  250 
workmen.  The  power  employed  by  this  establish, 
ment  is  derived  from  Mill  and  Chickopee  rivers, 
branches  of  the  Connecticut. 

West  Springfield. — On  the  opposite  side  of  the 
Connecticut,  which  is  here  crossed  by  a  fine  bridge 
1,234  feet  in'length,  is  a  remarkably  neat  village,  con- 
taining  1  church,  several  mills',  &.c. 

Palmer, — A  mere  hamlet  of  Hampden  county,  con- 
Bisting  of  15  or  20  dwelling  houses,  &c.  and  about 
130  inhabitants.   ^^        '  ^  fn>^* 

Warren. — A  small  village  of  Worcester  county,  ait- 
tMted  on  Cluckopeo  river,  containing  2  churchee,  3 


ALBANY    TO    BOSTON. 


96 


rs,  tin 
hes,  a 

Lshire, 
'oduce 
stings, 

kshire, 
8  saw 

}S.  con- 
woolen 
t  mills* 

Hamp- 
Bituated 
ncorpo- 
y  build. 
4  paper, 
and  3 
ich  four 
pulation 
Lckopee, 

lanufac- 
aildings 
»out  250 
siablish- 
rivers, 

of  the 
bridge 
[ge,  con- 

ity,  con- 
[d  about 

inty,  sit- 
Ircbee,  3 


cotton  and  1  woolen  factories,  2  fullin^^  3  grfst  and 
4  saw  mills,  1  forge,  &c. 

Charlton. — A  viilogo  of  Worcester  county,  contain- 
ing 1  cotton  factory,  ]  fulling,  10  saw  and  7  grist 
mills,  &c. 

Worcester. — A  large  and  thriving  town,  and  seat 
of  justice  for  Worcester  county,  containing  7,497  in- 
habitants. It  is  favorably  situated  in  the  midst  of  a 
fertile  country,  intersected  by  excellent  roads  in  every 
direction.  The  IJoston  and  Worcester  railroad  ter- 
minates, and  the  western  railroad  commences  here, 
as  does  that  to  Norwich.  The  Blackstone  canal, 
which  extends  to  Providence,  also  commences  here. 
The  chief  buildings  consist  of  those  devoted  to  the 
county  courts  and  offices,  4  churches,  a  banking- 
house,  a  hall  belonging  to  the  American  Antiquarian 
Society,  State  Asylum  for  lunatics,  1  cotton,  and  1 
woolen  factory,  1  furnace,  2  paper,  2  grist  and  2  saw 
mills,  4  printing  oflices,  each  of  which  issues  a  week- 
ly paper.  By  means  of  the  various  railroads,  daily 
communication  is  had  with  Boston,  Albany,  Norwich, 
and  the  intermediate  towns. 

Framingham. — An  incorporated  town  of  Middle- 
sex county,  comprising,  in  addition  to  several  neat 
dwelling  houses,  a  church,  1  leather,  4  woolen  and 
1  paper  factories,  4  grist  and  4  saw  mills.  v. 

Bosion.f  '.  s^ ;  r 

TROY. 

4-  large  commercial  and  manufacturing  city  of 
Rensselaer  county,  of  which  it  is  the  seat  of  justice, 
and  the  fourth  in  point  of  population  of  the  state  of 
New- York;  containing  19,334  inhabitants. 

It  is  very  advantageously  situated  on  the  east  bank 
of  the  Hudson,  a  short  distance  below  the  head  of 
sloop  navigation  ;  having  in  the  rear  an  extensive  fer- 
tile  region,  of  which  it  is  the  depository.  Its  facilities 
for  intercourse  are  in  no  way  inferior  to  its  ^gricul- 
^i^r^  advantages,  having  the  Champlain  canal  in  ^e 


!    *      ' 


■;  ■■  i 


— -.h 


96 


BOOTE    FROM 


'»i,;M 


hill 


south,  the  Eric  canal  from  th(3  wcsf,  the  noble  Hud- 
son in  the  south,  tof,^ethcr  with  tiie  use  of  the  various 
railroads  wiiich  extend  in  almost  every  direction. 

Among  the  principal  huildi^J,^s  are,  a  court  house, 
built  of  marble,  a  jrfil,  an  ahns  louse,  two  extensive 
market  houses,  3  Iiipiscopal,  7  Presbyterian,  2  Bap- 
tist, 3  Methodist,  1  CathoHc,  1  Universalist  churches, 
and  a  Friends*  meetinj^. house  ;  G  banking  houses,  21 
hotels,  7  cotton,  and  2  woolen  factories,  4  furnaces,  8 
forges,  3  fulling  and  2  rolling  mills,  and  slitting  mills  ; 
3  breweries,  5  carriage  factories,  7  tan-yards,  together 
with  a  large  number  of  minor  establishments  of  a 
similiar  description.  The  power  employed  by  theso 
extensive  concerns,  chiefly  liydraulic,  is  derived  from 
the  Hudson,  in  which  a  pool  has  been  formed  which 
creates  a  fall  of  11^  feet.  In  addition  to  this  valuable 
power,  another  is  aflbrded  by  the  Poaston  kill,  whoso 
waters  are  conducted  by  means  of  a  tunnel  800  feet 
in  length  into  the  city,  and  thus  a  fall  of  180  feet 
has  been  effected. 

The  falls  and  cascades  of  Paosten  and  Wyant*a 
creeks  deserve  attention. 

Troy  is  also  distinguished  for  its  literary  and  sci- 
entific institutions  ;  among  these  are  the  Rensselaer 
institute,  Troy  Female  Seminary,  Troy  Academy  for 
Boys,  Lyceum  of  Natural  History,  Young  Men's  Mu- 
tual Improvement  Association,  together  with  several 
benevolent  institutions.  Troy  is  supplied  with  excel- 
lent water  from  the  Piscawen  creek.  The  water  is 
conveyed  to  a  distributing  basin,  90  feet  above  the 
Hudson,  and  situated  n  the  north  quarter  of  the  city. 
The  city  communicates  with  West  Troy  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  Hudson,  by  means  of  a  bridge. 
Steam  and  canal  boats,  cars  and  stages,  afford  almost 
hourly  communication  with  the  surrounding  towns* 
The  Rensselaer  and  Saratoga  railroad  extends  hence, 
via  Waterford  and  Mechanicsville,  to  Ballston  Spa,  a 
distance  of  24  miles,  where  it  intersects  the  Schenec 
tady  and  Saratoga  railroad.     The  Schenectady  and 


-'v''^'; 


ROUTES    FROM   TRC^.  97 

Troy  railroad  extends  from  Troy  along  the  south  bank 
of  the  Mohawk  to  Schenectady,  a  distance  of  20  miles, 
.vhere  it  joins  the  great  western  line  to  Buffalo  &.c. 

By  Steamboat,  Miles. 

From  Troy  to  Albany.t 6 

«♦  Hudson.t 35 

.     "  Cat8kill,t 40 

,,  ••  Poughkeepsie.t 77 

;  ,  '^    ;:•».       •  N<)wburg,t i....  90 

'.  M  ^:  West  Point,t 99 

.:     V  Sing  Sing.t ^18 

I^\  M  Piermont,t  ....127 

.  ^*         fj    \  New.York,t, 151 

By  Railroad^  Miles. 

From  Troy  to  Ballston,  Spa,t 24 

"  Saratoga  Springs,t 31 

<•  Schenectady.t 20 

'  ••  Utica,t 97 

!•  Syracuse,t  150 

••  Auburn»t 176 

••  Geneva.t 212 

••  Canandaigua,t 227 

••  Rochester,t 254 

/        ;••  Attica.t 297 

«♦  Buffalo.t : 327 

:       «•  Niagara  Falls.t 350 

By  Erie  Canal.  Miles. 

From  Troy  to  Sehenectady,t ^ , '»  23 

**  Canajoharie,t 6^ 

j^i'  iiV    ;  w  Little  FaliSjt 81 

"  Utica,t 103 

••        ,  Syracuse.t 164 

•«  Montezuma.t 198 

«•  Lyon8,t 218 

"  Rochester,t 262 

•*  Lockport,t ^ 326 

«•  Buffalo.t 35e 

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98 


ROUTE    FROM 


By  Champlain  Canal.     ,    .^    Miles. 

From  Troy  to  Mcchonicsville.t 12 

Fort  Millcr.t 33 

"  Fort  Ann,t 53 

Whitehall,t 65 

By  Stage.  Miles. 

From  Troy  to  Lansin^burgli.t 3 

Easton.t 20 

"  Hartford.t 50 

'  "  Whitehall.t 66 

"  Bennington,  V.,t 26 

'  \  ■ 

By  Railroad,  Miles. 

From  Troy  to  Greenbush,t 6 

"  Pittsfield,  Mass.,t 55 

^V  ■  '•  Springfieldt    "     109 

««  Worcestcr,t    *'     162 

»«  Boston.t         "     206 

'  ^  UTiCA. 

A  large  and  flourishing  commercial  city  of  Oneida 
county,  having  a  population,  according  to  the  census 
of  1840,  of  12,810,  and  upwards  of  1,700  buildings. 
Among  these  are,  18  places  of  worship,  an  ex- 
change, 4  banks  of  discount  and  deposit,  and  1  for 
savings ;  county  hall  and  oflices,  2  acudemies,  1 
asylum  for  orphans,  a  museum,  &.c.  The  New- York 
State  Asylum  for  Lunatics,  an  immense  establishment, 
is  situated  about  half  a  mile  to  the  west  of  the  city. 

Its  principal  manufactures  consist  of  machinery, 
iron  castings,  steam  engines,  oil-cloth,  musical  instru- 
ments, carriages,  snuffand  segars,  malt  liquors,  canal 
boats,  &c.,  &c.  ,  *         ^. 

Uiica  is  the  centre  of  an  extensive  and  productive 
agricultural  district,  and  as  such,  enjoys  superior  ad- 
vantages: it  is  also  indebted  for  its  rapid  increase 
and  prosperity,  in  a  great  measure,  to  its  situation  on 


^elay  to  any  point  they  ZJT  ■   ^  ^'^^^^^  ^vithout 

cascades,  forced  by  Z  '°""''  "f  «  ^uece.sir  of 

?f  about  70  fee,     nonh?","""?' '"""  ''^s  a  d?scen, 
'»  .ver.ical  heigh.    7^'"'° '>'f'^"  o.xcced  3u  fee 
«enes  is  about  40U  fee,      "5S«;s:"'e  fM  of  i|,e  en  Im 

Jimestone,   J,as  every  „rT  ^''^  '■<'<:'«.  a  s/a(ir 

abra.dcd  by  ,hc  ae.'^n  o'T'"""'  "^  '■"'"g  boon 
most  stratum.    In  some  nl       T""""'  "c"  foils  Ton 

^l-pports  were  found  neces^arr-n  ""''  "'^'«''.  'ha 
?ba>ns  adjusted  horieomallv '^; ,  ^''J-'""^''''^'''' of  iron 
'nseried  in  the  rocks     bv  .h^'  "■"/  /"-"ened   to  bolts 
?^^,  whiel,  ,he  passenger  ^  "'''  "^^  "'"'^  contrivan 
"enabled  to  traver;^",^  en^t  rf '  ''"^  *"■'  """"i^.  he" 
out  imminent  dan-er  of  h"'""''"'''  I>utnot„^,l, 
'•"ar'ng  cauldron  belov^     A    ?  ^'""^"'^'•^'i  into  the 
Pfehed  young  lady  (mT,3  rh^"'"T''"S  "d  accom! 
--  atnce  a.  oneVf  tte't-JJ-y-li/e  some 


!>-.  C<i9 

i       1 

.  i 

'r 

1, 

t  < 

'  1. 

! 

! 
i 

',■••■ 


100 


koUTE   FROM 


ii!   \l 


mm 

h  ?M'   '.I  : 

1-1 


m 


ROUTES  FROM  UTICA. 
I^rom   Utica  to  SacketVa  Harbor^  by  stage. 


Trenton 14 

Remsen 4  18 

Boonqville 14  32 

Turin U  43 

Mortinsburnr 7  50 


Lowville 4  54 

Denmark 9  63 


Wotertown 19  82 

Brownville 4  86 

Sacketi's  Harbor...  8  94 

'Prenion. — An  incorporated  villoge  of  Oneida  coun- 
ty, containing  about  450  inhabitants,  2  churches, 
stores,  &c.  A  eh»rt  distance  from  the  village  are 
the  romantic  and  beautiful  cascades  culled  Trenton 
Falls,  mentioned  at  page  99. 

Remsen. — A  village  consisting  of  about  70  dwell- 
ings, 3  mills,  «Slc.,  in  Oneida  county, 

BooneoUle. — A  village  of  Oneida  county,  contain, 
ing  650  inhabitants,  2  churches,  1  grist  and  1  saw 
inill,  tan  yard,  &.c.  The  Black  river  canal  passes 
through  the  village. 

Turin. — A  small  village  of  Lewis  county,  com- 
prising 50  buildings,  2  churches,  1  woolen  factory,  I 
tan  yard,  2  grist  and  2  saw  mills. 

Martinsburg. — Seat  of  justice  of  Lewis  county, 
containing  between  6  and  700  inhabitants,  3  churches, 
a  court  house,  jaii,  a  bank,  an  academy,  1  woolen 
factory  and  several  mills.  The  post  road  from  Utica 
to  Ogdensburg  passes  through  the  village. 

LowviUe. — A  villoge  of  Lewis  coUiily,  containing 
700  inhabitants,  3  churches,  an  academy,  a  bank, 
mills,  &c. 

Denmark. — A  neat  little  village  of  Lewis  county, 
containing  about  200  inhabitants,  c  church,  and  an 
academy. 

Watertown. — A  large  and  important  village  of 
Jefferson  county,  of  which  it  is  the  seat  of  justice. 
It  is  favorably  situated  on  the  south  side  of  Black 
river,  and  contains  the  county  buildings,  7  churchea, 
Btate  arsenal,  3  banking  houses,  3  printing  ofliceB^ 


\ 


warn 


.♦. 


UTICA    TO    SACRETT'S    HARBOR. 


101 


\  i 


4  54 

9  63 

19  82 

4  86 

.  8  94 

I  coun- 

iirchee, 

ge  are 

Benton 

hall  of  the  Black  river  Institute,  Manual  Labor  School^ 
Young  Men's  Literary  Associntion,  &,c.  Among  the 
factory  buildings  nrc,  3  for  carding,  1  for  flannel,  1 
for  broadcloth,  1  for  c<  ton  goods,  2  for  woolens,  4 
for  carriages,  3  carding  mills,  5  grist  mills  S  tan  yards, 
1  paper  mill,  3  machine  shops,  2  furnaces,  4  saw 
mills,  1  brewery,  together  with  every  other  establish- 
ment common  to  a  large  nnd  busy  town. 

The  villages  of  Juhelville  nnd  Williamstown,  on 
the  opposite  bank  of  Black  river,  which  is  here  crossed 
by  fine  bridges,  may  bo  regarded  as  appendages  of 
Watertown.  The  entire  population  of  the  whole  is 
about  4,500. 

Brownville. — An  incorporated  village  of  Jeflerson 
county,  situated  on  the  north  side  of  Black  river, 
containing  about  1,100  inhabitants,  3  churches,  1 
cotton,  2  satinet,  and  1  white  lead  factory  ;  2  iron 
foundries,  2  machine  shops,  1  oil  mill,  1  tan  yard,  &.C. 

SacketVs  Harbor. — An  incorporated  village  of  Jef- 
ferson county,  containing  about  2,300  inhabitants. 
It  is  favorably  situated  at  the  outlet  of  Black  river, 
on  one  of  the  finest  harbors  of  Lake  Ontario.  The 
principal  buildings  are,  3  churches,  1  bank,  au  ex- 
tensive rope  walk  and  ship  yard,  1  grist,  3  saw  and 
1  plaster  mill,  1  machine  shop,  2  furnaces,  and  1  tan 
yard. 

*'  Madison  Barracks,"  erected  by  the  government 
of  the  U.  States,  during  the  late  wat-  with  Great  Bri 
tain,  consist  of  a  large  storehouse,  alutspital,  a  guard 
house,  and  3  commodious  barracks,  iiiC  whole  being 
enclosed  by  a  picket  fence.  5Sacketi*s  Harbor  be- 
came quite  conspicuous  during  the  late  struggle  with 
England.  Here  most  of  the  war  vessels  of  the  U. 
States,  on  the  lake,  were  built  and  equipped ;  and 
here  may  still  be  seen  the  remains  of  the  largest  of 
those  vessels.  •>  • 


M 


fM 


9» 


*?■< 


102 


ROUTE   FROM 


I 


'i.  I 


i'    ■ 
\ 


It  '.li".     'I 


Houte  from  Utica  to  Ogdenahurg\  by  stage, 

Denmark,  as  above,       G3     Somerville, 8     94 

Carthage, 6  GU     De  Kalb 18  113 

Antwerp, 17  8G     Ogdensburg, 15  127 

Denfnark.\ 

Carthage. — An  incorporated  village  of  Jefferson 
county,  comprising  l2U  dwellings,  2  churches,  an 
academy,  2  forges,  2  furnaces,  1  nail  anu  2  axe  fac 
tories,  1  rolling  mill,  1  grist  and  2  saw  mills,  1  oil 
mill,  several  stores,  taverns,  workshops,  &,c. 

The  ••  Long**  falls  of  Black  river  at  this  place,  afford 
a  most  voluable  and  extensive  water  power,  which  as 
yet  is  only  partially  employed. 

Antwerp. — A  small  villogc,  consisting  of  60  or  70 
buildings,  including  2  churches,  and  some  small  fac. 
tories,  situated  on  Indian  river,  Jeffef'son  county. 

Somerville, — A  little  village  of  St.  Lawrence  coun- 
ty, of  30  or  40  buildings. 

i)e  Kall\  of  St  Lawrence,  is  a  stnall  village,  con- 
taining some  50  buildings,  including  several  mills, 
taverns,  stores,  &c. 

Ogdensburg  — An  incorporated  village  of  St.  J<aw. 
jrande  county,  situated  on  th6  right  bank  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,  at  the  junction  of  the  Oswegatchie.  Its 
present  population  is  nearly  4,000.  Its  public  build, 
ings  are,  5  churches,  an  academy,  2  banking  houses, 
d  flour  mills,  1  tan  yard,  I  cloth  factory,  2  iron  foun. 
dries,  a  brewery,  2  machine  and  several  other  shops, 
taverns,  and  about  100  stores  of  various  kinds.  A 
steam  ferry  boat  phes  across  the  St.  Iiawrence  to 
Prescott,  in  Canada  West.  Passage  by  steambovt 
may  be  had  daily,  from  Ogdensburg  to  the  principal 
towns  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  above  the  village, 
on  Lake  Ontario. 


•^1 


t)iICA   Tu    BIKOUAMTON. 


109 


Houtea  from  Uiica  to  Binghamtorit  by  ttatfg, 
I^Jew  Hartford 4     Sherburne.... 5  41 


Pons  Hill 6  10 

Walerville 6  16 

]\Iadi8on 8  24 

Hamilton G  30 

Earlville 6  36 


Norwich 11  52 

Oxford 8  60 

Greene 14  74 

Chenango  Forks...  7  81 
I3inghamton 12  93 


New  Hartford. — A  village  of  Oneida  county,  situ- 
ated on  both  banks  of  the  Sadaqnada  creek,  contain* 
ing  850  inhabitants,  4  churches,  3  cotton  and  1  leather 
factories,  mills,  a  bleaching  and  dyeing  concern,  &c. 

Paris  Hill. — A  pretty  little  village  of  Oncidii 
county,  consisting  of  sotne  30  or  40  buildings,  includ- 
ing  3  chuiches,  with  the  customary  stores  and 
taverns. 

Waterville. — A  meat  and  thriving:  village  of  Oneida 
county,  containing  about  1,000  inhabitants,  with  3 
churches,  an  academy,  a  bank,  and  factories  of 
starch,  woolen  goods,  iron  casting'^,  steel  flpMngs. 
lumber,  machinery,  musical  instruments,  and  ilour. 

Madison. — An  incorporated  village  of  Madison 
county,  comprising  about  100  buildings,  2  churches, 
taverns,  &c. 

Hamilton — A  large  incorporated  village  of  Madi- 
son county,  containing  nearly  1,700  inhabitants.  Its 
chief  buildings  are,  3  churches,  a  college,  (the  Ham- 
ilton Literary  and  Theologicallnstitution,)  belonging 
to  the  Baptists,  an  academy,  with  the  usual  comple. 
ment  of  Stores,  shops,  &c.  The  Chenango  canal 
passes  through  the  village. 

Eurlvilie. — A  village  of  Madison  county,  with  700 
inhabitants,  2  churches,  stores,  &c. 

Sherburne. — An  incorporated  village  of  Chenango 
county,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Chenango 
river,  and  on  the  line  of  the  Chenango  canal.  Ita 
chief  bu^'dings  are,  4  churches,  an  acade^iy,  1  furnace, 
1  pottery,  with  about  700  inhabitants. 


f  ^ 

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IH 

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inppii'i 


WW" 


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104 


miVGHAMTOrs. 


Norwich. — An  extensive  incorporated  village,  uni 
scat  of  justice  of  Clienango  county,  containing  about 
l',600  inhabitants.  Besides  the  customary  county 
buildings,  court-house,  jail,  «&c.,  there  are  230  dwell- 
ings, 4  churclics,  1  saw  mill,  2  grist  mill*,  store- 
houses, &,c.  Its  manufactures  consist  of  leather  and 
leather  goods,  broadcloth,  coaches  and  carriages  of 
all  descriptions,  musical  instruments,  machinery,  iron 
ware.  These,  in  addition  to  an  extensive  trade  with 
the  surrounding  fertile  country,  and  the  facilities  of 
transportation  afforded  by  the  Chenango  canal,  give 
to  Norwich  an  imposing  and  busincss-hke  appear- 
ance. 

Oxford, — An  incorporated  village  of  Chenango- 
counly,  containing  about  1,500  inhabitants,  with  200 
dwellings,  5  churches,  an  academy,  2  large  store- 
houses, 2  mills,  1  foundry,  carriage  factories,  print- 
ing offices,  &-C. 

Greene. — A  village  of  about  120  buildings  and 
800  inhabitants,  in  Chenango  county.  Here  are  4 
churches,  1  grist  and  1  plaster  mill,  1  cloth  and  2 
leather  factories. 

Chenango  Forks. — A  village  of  100  buildings,  in- 
cluding a  church,  in  Broome  county,  f-ituated  at  the 
point  of  junction  of  the  Tioughnioga  with  its  recipient, 
the  Chenango  river,  and  on  the  canal  from  Utica  to 
the  Susquehanna.  Its  manufactures  consist  of  cloth, 
leather,  and  boots,  &,c. 

JBinghamton. — An  incorporated  village  of  the  first 
class,  and  seat  of  justice  of  Broome  county,  contain- 
ing  about  3,000  inhabitants.  The  public  buildings 
are,  a  court  house,  jail,  10  churches,  several  acad- 
emies and  schools ;  and  its  factories  consist  of  2 
grist,  4  saw  and  2  plaster  mills,  canal  boat  yard  and 
dry  dock,  steam  furnace,  machine  shops,  tan  yards, 
and  lath  and  i  lough  and  gun  factories,  &c. ;  together 
with  many  sJore-houses  for  the  accommodation  of 
the  canal  and  iiver  trade,  which  is  fiere  extensively 
prosecuted  by  means  of  the  Susquehanna  and  Che-* 


w 


■  :'(5 


ROUTES  FROM  UTICA.         105 

nengo  canal,  the  latter  terminating  at  Binghamton. 
The  New- York  and  Erie-railroad,  now  in  progress, 
will  pass  through  the  village,  where  an  extensive  do. 
pdt  has  been  constructed.  Access  to  any  of  the 
adjacent  villages  is  afTorded  by  the  numerous  canal 
ptickets  and  stages,  whicli  are  constantly  departing 
from  the  village  in  every  direction. 

JFrom  Utica  to  Little  Falls  by  canal, 22  miles. 

»*  *•         by  railway,  ...  21  «•• 

**  Schenectady  t  by  canal,  .  80  «« 

"  "               by  railway,  77  *« 

«•  Albany  t  by  canal, 110  •* 

•^V  "  *'    by  railway, 93  *« 

'*         Rome  t  iy  canal, 15  " 

*»  "    by  railway, ^.  14  " 

"  Syracuse  t  by  canal, ^l  *• 

^    -   :       "  "       by  railway, 53  " 

■**  Rochester  t  by  canal,....  159  " 

'"  •♦        by  railway,...  J 58  •• 

"  Saquoit  by  railway, 9  •• 

'*  Sharon  Springs  by  stage,  43  ** 

»*  Bridgewater             ••  ....   18  *« 

««  Cherry  Valley          '*   ....  40  «• 

"  Cooperstown           "  ....  37  " 

**  Morrisville               "  ....  27  ** 

"  Oneida  Lake           "  ....  28  " 

•*  Cjswego  by  railroad   and 

Q^f]^) 99     «» 

High  Falirof*  Black*  rV,  41     *' 
Middleville,  ................  13    ** 


\mi 


«!!  .*l 


ROCIIESTER.t— (See  p.  66.)   ^^      ' 

lieute  from  Rochester  to  Olean^  hy  stage, 

Scottsville 12  Nunda  Valley,  ....10  49 

Caledonia, 8  20    Angelica,  .^...20  69 

Moscow, 16  ,36     Olean, .....30  99 

M*»unt  Morris, 3  39 


"1 

''J 

(Ml 

m 

106  ROUTE    FllOM 

Seottaville. — A  villogo  of  Monroe  county,  contain- 
ing about  550  inhabitants',  2  cliurchcs,  2  grist,  2  saw 
and  1  plaster  mill,  distillery,  ashcry,  &c. 

Caledonia. — A  village  of' Livingston  county,  com- 
prising 80  dwellings,  2  churches,  a  brewery,  saw 
and  grist  mills,  &c. 

Moscow. — A  village  of  Livingston  county,  contain- 
ing about  450  inhabitants,  3  churches,  taverns,  stores, 
shops,  &c. 

Mount  Morris. — An  incorporated  village  of  Liv- 
ingston county,  with  about  239  buildin^Ts,  including 
4  churches,  1  furnace,  a  pottery,  4  mills,  propelled 
by  the  waters  of  the  Genesee,  and  1,300  inhabitants. 
The  canal  here  sends  oil"  a  branch  to  Dansville,  dis- 
tant 11  miles. 

Nunda  Valley. — A  village  of  Allegany  county, 
Hvith  nearly  1,100  inhabitants,  3  churches,  an  acad- 
emy, 1  woolen  factory,  1  furnace,  1  machine  shop, 
fitores,  &c. 

Angelica. —  An  incorporated  village  and  seat  of 
justice  for  Allegany  county,  with  about  1,000  inhab- 
itants. In  addition  to  about  150  well  built  dwelhngs, 
there  are,  in  the  village,  a  court  house,  jail,  a  bank,  3 
churches,  a  woolen  and  leather  factory,  saw  and 
grist  mills. 

Olean. — A  neat  village  of  Cattaraugus  county, 
beautifully  situated  on  the  right  or  north  bank  of  the 
Allegany,  containing  700  inhabitants,  2  churches,  4' 
mills,  &c.  The  Genesee  valley  canal,  which  unites 
the  Erie  canal  at  Rochester  with  the  Allegany  river, 
terminates  here,  after  having  passed  tiirough  or  near 
every  town  on  this  route. 

From  Olean  to  EllicoftsvJIle,  by  stage, 20  miles* 

**         Franklinvillc,         ♦'     25     *• 

"        BoHvar,  *'     15     •* 

r        u        Whitesville,  "     35     " 

"        Friendship,  "     20     "• 

**        Rochester,  by  canal, ....107,    ♦^^^ 


I'. 


'  :r 


R0CIIF.3TKR    TO    BATH. 


107 


From  Olcan  to  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  by  Allegany 

river, 210  miles. 

"         Coudersport,  Pa., 35     *• 


Route  from  RocTicster  to  Bath,  ly  stage^  via  Geneseo 
and  Avon  Springs.  ,.  .i  -i. 

Henrietta,  8     Dansville,  18  48 

Avon  Springs, 12  20     Liberty, 12  CO 

Geneseo, 10  30     Bath 16  76 

Henrietta. — A  small  village  of  Monroe  county, 
containing  190  inhabitants,  30  dwellings,  2  churches, 
a  high  school,  stores,  &c, 

Avon  Springs. — Celebrated  medicinal  springs, 
much  resorted  to  by  invalids  and  others,  situated  in 
the  town  of  Avon,  Livingston  county.  The  waters 
of  these  noted  oprlngg,  12  in  number,  are  beneficial 
in  cutaneous  aflections,  and  in  disorders  of  the  di- 
gestive powers  generally. 

They  are  composed  of  carbonate  and  sulphate  of 
lime,  sulphate  of  magnesia  and  soda,  sulphuretted 
hydrogen  and  carbonic  acid  gases,  with  shght  traces 
of  chloride  of  calcium. 

Their  temperature  is  uniform,  (45°  ofFah.,)  and 
specific  gravity,  10.018. 

Geneseo. — A  large  and  beautiful  village  of  Liv- 
ingston county,  of  which  it  is  the  seat  of  justice,  con- 
taining about  1,000  inhabitants.  Its  chief  buildings 
are,  a  court  house,  jail,  a  bank,  3  churches,  a  high 
school,  together  with  the  usual  proportion  of  taverns, 
stores,  mechanics'  shops,  «&c.  Geneseo  is  finely  sit- 
uated about  4  miles  east  of  the  Genesee,  v/hich,  from 
the  commanding  position  of  the  village,  is  seen,  in 
connection  with  its  canal,  to  great  advantage. 

Tiansville. — A  large  and  bus)'  village  of  Living- 
ston county,  containing  about  1,700  inhabitants,  4 
churches,  and  a  bank.  Dansville  is  admirably  sit- 
uated for  manufacturing  purposes ;  a  fall  of  65  ieett 
in  the  Canaseraga  creek,  affords  an  almost  unlimited 


J-  IS 


**  ■  i 


^IPIilillpllll 


mmfF 


mm 


U\h\ 


HI  ': 


^^'1  'I 


108  ROUTE   FROM 

poweri  which  is,  as  yet,  but  partiaHy  employecf. 
The  village  is  connected  with  the  Genesee  valley 
canal  by  a  branch  11  miles  in  length.  The  man. 
ufactures  of  the  place  consist  of  paper,  which  is  made 
in  large  quantities,  leather,  iflour,  iron  castings,  and 
nearly  every  article  of  domestic  use,  as  hats,  shoes, 
Boap,  candles,  &.c. 

Liberty. — A  neat  little  village  of  Steuben  county, 
on  the  Conhocten  creek,  containing  50  dwellings,  2 
churches  and  nearly  300  inhabitants. 
^  JBath. — An  incorporated  village  and  seat  of  justice; 
of  Steuben  county,  containing  the  county  buildings, 
5  churches,  230  dwellings,  a  bank,  2  prilling  offices, 
1  grist,  1  plaster  and  1  oil  mill,  a  tan  yard,  and  i^ 
furnace,  with  1,500  inhabitants. 

From  Bath  to  Crooked  Lake, 6mile9> 

*5        Kennedy ville, 5  *• 

••        Avoca, ..10  «* 

«        Angekica,. .,.......$0  " 

•*        Adamsport, 23r  ** 

•      *•        Campbell, 13  •* 

••        Corning,  27  " 

«•         Elmira, 40  " 

"        Seneca  Lake, 28  *♦ 

From  Rochester  to  Batavia,  by  railway,...  30  miles» 

«•  Buffalo^           "        ...  73  •• 

••                 •«        by  canal, 04  «• 

**,  Kiagara  Falls,  by  canal 

and  railway, 88  «• 

•*  Canandaigua^byr*way,  27  •• 

[**  Auburn,  by  railway,...  51  " 

'            ••  Utica,                "       ...157  " 

^        ' '  Palmyra,  by  canal, . ...  29  *• 

•^  Lyons,               *»     ....  44  «• 

'      f  }  Syracuse,           **     ....  98  " 

r   , «:  '      Utica,  «•     ....159^  " 

. .      „-  Qig^n.               "     ....107  « 

••  Lake  Ontario,   "     ....  10  " 


BUFFALO   TO   DETROIT. 


109 


BUFFALO.+  .     .     ' 

JRoute  from  Buffalo  to  Detroit^  fty  tteamboat, 

Dunkirk, 40    Cleveland, 70  184 

Erie,  Penn 42     82     Sandusky, 54  238 

Conneaut,  O.,  ....32  114    Detroit 62  300 

Dunkirk. — An  incorporated  village  of  Chautauque 
county,  situated  on  the  S.  £.  margin  of  Lake  Erie, 
where  the  Hudson  and  Erie  railroad  has  it«  wsstem 
terminus.  It  comprises  about  220  buildings,  in- 
cluding 2  churches,  several  mills,  with  1,200  inhab- 
itants. ,    , 

Erie. — A  large  and  flourishing  town,  and  Beat  of 
justice  of  Eric  county,  Penn.,  situated  at  the  head  of 
Presque  Isle  bay,  and  contains  a  population  of  3,412. 
Its  chief  buildings  are,  a  court  house,  jail,  8  churches, 
an  academy,  a  bank,  a  vast  number  of  extensive 
warehouses  for  the  lake  tr<\de,  iron  foundries,  grist 
and  other  mills,  tan  yards,  &c. 

Conneaut. — A  neat  little  town  of  Ashtabula  coun- 
ty, Ohio,  situated  oh  the  Conneaut  river,  near  its  en 
trance  into  Lake  Erie.     Population  2,642. 

Cleveland. — A  large  and  important  city  of  Cuyaho- 
ga county,  Ohio,  beautifully  situated  on  the  80utherii( 
shore  of  Lake  Erie,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cuyahoga 
river.  It  is  che  emporium  of  an  extensive  trade  by 
the  lake,  and  the  Ohio  and  Erie  canal,  which  latter 
extends  from  Cleveland  to  Portsmouth,  on  the  Ohio 
river.  In  common  with  every  other  part  of  the  8tat)0 
of  Ohio,  the  growth  of  Cleveland  is  almost  unprece- 
dented.  A  few  years  since  its  site  presented  not  a 
trace  of  civilization ;  now  it  yields  only  to  Cincinnati 
in  point  of  population,  which  exceeds  6,000  souls. 
The  plan  of  the  town  is  very  regular,  with  wide  and 
well  graded  streets,  lined  with  fine  buildings.  Main 
street,  the  principal  avenue,  is  120  feet  in  breadth. 
The  chief  public  buildings,  some  of  which  front  on  a 
public  square,  consist  of  a  court  house  and  the  usual 

10 


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county  pfGcefl,  6  handsome  churches,  53  banking 
houses. 

Sandusky. — A  town  of  Erie  county,  of  which  it  is 
the  seat  of  justice,  beautifully  situated  on  the  south. 
em  margin  of  Sandudky  bay.  The  buildings,  which 
are  constructed  mostly  of  stone,  consist  of  350  dwell- 
ings, 4  elegant  churches,  and  ^n  academy,  with 
1,500  inhabitants. 

Detroit. — The  capital  of  the  state  of  Michigon, 
and  the  most  extensive  and  important  city  of  the  N. 
W.  region  of  the  United  States.  It  occupies  the  gate 
liatween  the  upper  and  lower  lakes,  and  commands 
a  vast  and  lucrative  trade  with  the  growing  interior. 
In  addition  to  about  1,700  dwelling  houses  there  are, 
the  capitol  or  legislative  hall,  with  its  offices,  city  hall, 
10  churches,  some  of  which  are  large  and  elegant,  4 
banks,  a  theatre,  a  museum,  a  state  penitentiary, 
X|ie(5hanics'  hall,  2  asylums  for  orphans,  3  furnaces, 
breweries,  potteries,  &c.  Public  and  private  schools 
of  the  first  order  are  numerous.  Benevolent  and 
literary  institutions  also  abound  here.  There  are  3 
printing  offices,  from  which  3  daily  and  4  weekly 
ilewspapers  are  issued.  Detroit  is  one  of  the  oldest 
towns  in  the  United  States,  having  been  founded  by 
the  French  settlers,  in  1763.  It  was  incorporated  as 
a  city  in  1815.  The  central  railway,  which  is  de- 
signed to  intersect  the  state  from  east  to  west,  is  fin. 
ished,  and  in  operation  from  Detroit  to  Jackson,  a 
distance  of  80  miles.  This,  with  good  common  roads 
and  the  facihties  of  intercourse  afforded  by  the  lakes, 
liiust  insure  a  full  share  of  trade  to  Detroit,  which  is 
justly  regarded  as  the  commercial  emporium  of  this 
section  of  the  country. 


Boutefrom  Buffalo  to  Erie,  Penn.,  by  stage, 

Hainburg, 14    Westfield, 15  60 

Bring, 16  30    Erie, 30  90 

,.,..15  45 


-\#. 


m 


BUFFALO  TO  EAIS,   PA.  Itl 

Hamburg. — A  post  officOi  with  a  few  dwelliLgs,  ijn 
Erie  county. 

Irving. — A  mere  hamlet  of  12  or  15  building^,  of 
Chautauquc  county,  situated  at  the  outlet  of  Cattarau- 
gus creek.     It  is  a  port  of  entry. 

Fredonia. — A  large  and  flourishing  village  of  Chau- 
tauquc county,  situated  3  miles  from  Lake  Erie.  It 
was  incorporated  in  1829,  and  now  contains  1,200 
inhabitants.  Among  the  buildings  are,  6  churches, 
an  academy,  4  mills  of  various  sorts,  a  furnace,  and 
a  clothier's  establishment.  Some  of  the  streets  and 
houses  of  the  village  are  lighted  from  a  natural  gas- 
ometer,  situated  near  the  bed  of  the  adjoining  stream, 
from  which  issues  immense  quantities  of  carburetted 
hydrogen  gas.  Several  similar  inflammable  springs 
have  been  discovered  in  the  neighborhood. 

Westfield. — An  incorporated  village  of  Chautauque 
county,  containing  1,100  inhabitants,  3  churches,  aa 
academy,  6  mills,  and  several  factories. 

Erie.f 

From  Buffalo  to  Mayfield,  .^5  miles. 

"  EUicottville, 48  «« 

•«  Geneseo, , .62  ^* 

•«  Welland  canal, 20  «« 

••  Niagara  falls,  by  rail  way,.  23  •* 

••  do     the  Canada  side,.  19  *« 

••  Attica,  by  railway, 31  ** 

*•  Batavia, 43  «• 

«•  Rochester,  73  V 

**  Pendleton,  by  canal, 24  ** 

.    *«  Lockport,    31  «• 

",  Albion, 60  «« 

««  Brockport,  71  «« 

«*  Rochester, .95  " 


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NIAGARA  FALLS.t 
Moute  from  Niagara  to  Montreal^  by  steamhoatt  ^c. 


Queenston 6 

Niagara  village . .  7     IS 

Toronto 30    43 

Port  Hope 66  109 

Coburg 36  145 

Oswego 74  219 

Kingston 58  277 

^liaabethtown ....  48  325 


Prescot 14  339 

Hamilton   18  357 

Cornwall 28  381 

CoteauduLac....32  417 

LcsCedres 7  424 

Cascades   7  431 

La  Chine 16  447 

Montreal 8  455 


From  Niagara  to  Lockport,  by  railway, ....24  miles. 


«• 
a 

(I 

u. 
(( 
<l 
if 


Rochester,  R.R.  &  cana],88 

Buf&lo,  by  railway, 23 

do  stage,  Canada  side,  19 

Chippewa, 2 

Fort  Erie, 18 

Welland  canal, 5 

Stonebridge, 17 

Lewistown, 6 


it 
It 
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«< 


Route  from  New-York  to  Boston^  by  steamboat  and 
railroad f  via  Stonington. 


••*»•••••• 


HelLgate 

Flushing  bay 4 

Throg's  point 3 

New  Rochelle  L. .  8 

Stamford 17 

Stratford  point  ...26 

New  Haven 13 

Fauikner*s  islands  12 


9  Connecticut  river  19  111 

13  River  Thames.. ..14  125 

16  Stonington... ..*... .16  141 

24  Kingston,  r.  way  23  164 

41     Providence 24  188 

67     Mansfield  17  205 

80    Boston 24  229 

92  :    •    -   '' 


Helhgate. — A  narrow,  crooked,  and  difficult  strait 
in  the  East  river,  formed  by  projecting  rocks,  by  which 
the  water  passes  with  such  velocity  as  to  endanger 
vessels  in  navigating  this  modern  Charybdis,  By 
skillful  management,  Hell-gate  is  now  passed  with. 

8 


NEW-YORK   TO   BOSTON.  llj 

out  apprehension,  and  the  terrors  with  which  it  was 
formerly  approached  are  no  longer  felt  by  navigators. 

Flushing  Bay. — An  indentation  of  Long  Island,  a^ 
the  head  of  which  is  the  pretty  village  of  Flushing 
mentioned  at  page  21. 

Throg'8  Point. — A  projection  ofi  West  Chester 
county  into  Long  Island  sound,  on  which  is  situated 
Fort  Schuyler,  a  military  post  recently  erected  by  the 
United  States  government,  for  the  defence  of  the  city 
of  New. York.  Immediately  after  passing  Throg*8 
Point,  we  enter 

Long  Island  Sound. — An  extensive  arm  of  the 
Atlantic  ocean,  about  100  miles  in  length  from  W. 
S.  W.  to  E.  N.  E.,  and  of  a  mean  breadth  of  12 
miles.  Its  widest  part  is  off  New-Haven  harbor, 
where  it  is  22  miles  in  width.  The  Sound,  which 
communicates  with  the  adjacent  ocean,  both  at  its 
eastern  and  western  extremities,  has  Long  Island  on 
the  south,  the  coast  of  Connecticut  on  the  north,  and 
that  of  West  Chester  county  of  New- York,  on  the 
west.  Its'outHnes  are  numerously  indented  by  bays 
of  every  form,  and  its  surface  diversified  by  many 
small  islands  which  serve  to  beautify  the  view.  The 
navigation  of  Long  Islani  sound  affords  a  most  de- 
li^tful  excursion,  as  it  or  nbines  both  river  and  ocean 
scenery  in  the  utmost  perfection,  without  the  dull 
monotony  of  the  latter. 

New  Eochelle  Landing. — The  port  of  New  Ro- 
chelle,.  a  village  of  West  Chester  county,  containing 
300  inhabitants,  a  town  hall,  3  churches,  several 
boarding  schools,  button  factory,  and  ink  and  car. 
riage  factories ;  many  extensive  hotels  and  boarding 
houses  for  the  accommodation  of  the  citizens  of  New 
York,  many  of  whom  spend  the  summer  months 
here. 

Stamford.— A  beautiful  town  of  Fairfield  county, 
Connecticut,  containing  about  2,000  inhabitants. 

Stratford  Point, — A  noted  landing  place  in  Fair- 
field county,  Connecticut.  ^  -  >• 

10» 


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114 


ROUTE    FROM 


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New.Haven  Harbor. — A  bay  of  Long  Island  sound, 
at  the  head  of  which  is  the  beautiful  city  of  New 
Haven. 

Falkner*8  Islands. — A  small  cluster  of  islands 
about  5  miles  ofitho  coast  of  New.Haven  county. 

Connecticut  River. — This  is  the  principal  river  of 
New  England,  which  has  its  first  fountain  in  Canada, 
and  after  passing  southward  and  dividing  the  states 
pf  New-Hampshire  and  Vermont,  and  intersecting 
those  of  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut,  enters  Long 
Island  sound  about  30  miles  east  of  New  Haven. 
The  entire  course  of  this  beautiful  stream  is  marked 
by  scenery  of  the  most  romantic  and  alluring  descrip- 
tion.  It  is  diversified  by  hill  and  dale,  and  towards 
fhe  north,  it  assumes  an  almost  Alpine  aspect,  with 
every  characteristic  of  the  most  rugged  and  mountain- 
ous regions,  in  approaching  its  discharge  into  the 
sound,  it  gradually  declines  and  gently  meanders 
through  the  green  fields  of  Connecticut,  to  its  final 
^nion  with  its  great  recipient.  Long  Island  sound. 

jRiver  Thames. — A  small  stream  of  the  state  of 
Connecticut,  having  the  towns  of  New  London  and 
Norwich  on  its  right  bank ;  the  former  about  4,  and 
the  latter  20  miles  from  its  mouth.  This  river  forms 
a  part  of  a  route  from  New  York  to  Boston,  which 
will  be  noticed  hereafter. 

Stonington. — An  incorporated  village  of  New 
London  county,  Connecticut,  finely  situated  in  the 
S.  E.  extremity  of  the  state,  and  on  the  margin  of  the 
strait  between  the  main  land  and  Fisher's  island.  It 
contains  about  1,509  inhabitants,  many  of  whom  are 
engaged  in  the  whale  and  seal  fisheries.  Stonington 
i>ecame  quit^  conspicuous  during  the  late  war  with 
Great  Britain.  On  the  10th  of  August,  1814,  it  was 
vigorously  bonlbarded  by  a  British  fleet,  which,  how- 
ever, was  soon  obliged  to  withdraw  without  accom- 
plishing  its  object. 

Here  the  passengers  for  Boston  leave  the  steam- 
boat  and  enter  the  cars. 


Ail*':, 


NEW-TORK   TO    DOSTON. 


115 


Kingaton, — A  small  village  of  Rhodo  island. 

Providence. — A  large  commercial  and  manufactur- 
ing^ city  of  Rhode  Island,  of  which  state  it  is  the  seat 
of  government.  It  is  advantageously  situated  on  both 
sides  of  Providence  river,  a  tributary  of  Narraganset 
bay.  There  are  in  the  city  and  its  dependencies  not 
less  than  4,000  buildings  of  every  sort,  including  some 
elegant  public  and  private  structures.  Among  these 
are  many  handsome  churches,  and  several  edifices 
belonging  to  Brown's  University,  established  in  1770. 
The  arcade,  222  feet  in  length  and  72  in  breadth,  buHt 
of  stone,  is  a  beautiful  building;  together  with  many 
others  devoted  to  literary,  scientific,  and  commercial 
purposes.  The  manufactures  of  Providence  and  its 
neighborhood,  in  which  nearly  one-fourth  of  the  in- 
habitants are  engaged,  are  vast  and  various ;  consist, 
ing  chiefly  of  cotton  goods  of  every  variety,  iron, 
copper  and  tin  ware,  and  machinery  of  all  kinds, 
jewelry,  &c.  Besides  the  railroads  to  Boston  and 
Stonington,  respectively.  Providence  enjoys  the  ad- 
vantages of  the  Blackstone  canal,  which  affords  a 
navigable  communication  to  Worcester,  Mass.  By 
the  aid  of  these  valuable  auxiliaries,  combined  with 
excellent  comnion  roods,  its  domestic  intercourse  with 
the  neighboring  towns  is  largely  promoted.  Provi- 
dence has  also  an  extensive  and  valuable  foreign 
commerce,  especially  with  India  and  the  islands  of 
Oceana :  this,  however,  has  somewhat  diminished  of 
late,  owing  to  the  diversion  of  much  of  its  capital  to 
the  purposes  of  domestic  nianufactures. 

Boston — The  great  metropolis  and  capital  of  the 
state  of  Massachusetts,  and  the  fifth  city  of  the  United 
States  in  point  of  population  and  extent.  It  is  beau- 
tifully situated  on  a  peninsula,  which  juts  from  the 
main  land  into  Massachusetts  bay ;  by  which,  and 
Charles  river  bay  on  the  west,  it  is  nearly  surround- 
ed. The  former  bay,  which  forms  the  harbor,  is 
studded  in  every  direction  by  several  pretty  islands, 
some  of  which  are  crowned  with  tasty  structures  and 


f 


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i 


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ROUTE    FROM 


fortifications.  These,  with  the  numerous  bridges  ex. 
tending  from  the  city  to  the  opposito  shores  and  the 
adjacent  villages,  impart  great  beauty  and  interest 
to  the  entire  landscape,  when  viewed  from  any  of  the 
neighboring  eminences. 

The  city  itself  is  somow'  at  irregular  in  its  plan, 
and,  with  some  exceptions,  is  disfigured  by  narrow  and 
crooked  streets.  Tjioso  of  a  recent  date  are,  how- 
over,  laid  out  on  a  more  commodious  and  liberal  scale, 
and  Hned  for  the  most  part  with  elegant  and  substan- 
tial  buildings.  Among  these,  the  following  deserve 
notice :  the  Old  State  House,  on  Washington  and 
Stato  streets ;  State  House,  on  Beacon  street,  in  which , 
the  beautiful  statue  of  Washington,  by  Chantry,  is  pla- 
ced, and  from  the  dome  of  which  the  city  and  its  envi- 
rons may  be  seen  to  great  advantage ;  Faneuil  Hall^ 
in  Dock  square ;  Maaaachusetts  Hospital,  on  the 
banks  of  Charles  river ;  J^aneuil  Hall  Market,  and 
Quincy  Hall,  on  Dock  square,  is  an  immense  pile, 
536  feet  in  length ;  Tremont  House,  on  Beacon  and 
Tremont streets,  contains  180 apartments;  New  Court 
ffouse,  in  Court  square,  17G  feet  in  length  and  54  in 
width  ;  Houses  of  Industry,  Correction  and  JRefor- 
motion,  in  South  Boston ;  Trinity  Church,  in  Sum- 
ner  street ;  St.  PauVs  Church  and  Masonic  Hall,  in 
Tremont  street ;  Washington  Bank ;  Suffolk  Bank, 
late  United  States  Bank,  in  State  street ;  Park  street 
Church,  &.C.;  Boston  Theatre,  now  the  "Odeon,*' 
on  Franklin  and  Federal  streets,  is  now  employed 
as  a  place  of  worship ;  Tremont  Theatre,  on  Tre- 
mont street ;  National  Theatre,  corner  of  Traver^ 
and  Portland  streets. 

Among  the  other  objects  of  interest,  in  or  around 
Boston,  are  the  following: 

Boston  Common,  a  public  promenade,  consisting 
of  75  acres  of  ground,  surrounded  by  an  iron  railing, 
and  ornamented  with  gravelled  walks,  trees,  &c. 

Mount  Auburn  Cemetery. — A  beautiful  rural 
place  of  sepulture,  is  situatedf  about  3  miles  west  of 


NEW-YOUK  to    BOSTON. 


117 


the  city.  It  comprises  about  100  acres  of  land,  which 
ib  appropriately  arranged  and  adorned  for  the  pur* 
poses  to  which  it  is  devoted. 

Hunker  Hill  Monument,  in  Charlestown  ;  where 
are,  aJso,  the  U.  Stales  Navy  Yard,  McLean  Aay. 
lutn  foi*  tlu3  insane,  State  Prison,  &c.  In  South 
Bottont  are  Dorchtater  Heights,  1 30  feet  fabove  the 
adjacent  bay,  from  wliich  a  fino  view  of  Boston,  &,c. 
is  had. 


Route  from  New.  York  to  Boston,  via  Norwich^  by 

' ■■^-  steamboat  and  railway, 

Thames  river,  as  aboye,  135 

New  London, 4  129 

Norwich, 16  145 

Jewctt's  City,  9  154 

Canterbury 6  100 

Westfield : 12  172 

Thompson, ..12  184 

Oxford,  10  IH 

Worcester 10  204 

Boston, 44  248 

iVcio  London^ — A  city,  end  one  of  the  seats  of  jus- 
tice for  New  iLpndori  county,  Conn.  It  is  situated 
on  the  west  bank  of  Thames  river,  and  contains 
about  '1,700  inhabitants,  most  of  whom  are  engaged 
in  the  fishing  business.  The  city  is  defended  by  two 
fortresses,  one  on  each  side  of  the  river,  which 
command  the  entrance.  New  London  suffered  se- 
verely during  the  revolutionary  wor.  On  the  6th  of 
September,  1781,  it  was  attacked  by  a  British  force 
of  24  vessels,  under  the  renegade  Arnold,  und,  after 
a  shght  resictanctf,  succeeded  in  destroying  a  consi- 
derable portion  of  the  city. 

Norwich. — A  beautiful  and  flourishing  city  of  New 
London  county,  situated  at  the  forks'  of  Yantic  and 
Shetucket  rivers,  the  two  principal  branches  of  the 


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116 


ROUTE   FROM 


Thameb.  Its  chief  buildings  are,  a  court  houses 
a  town  hall,  an  academy.  In  Granville,  a  suburb  of 
Norwich,  are  3  extensive  paper  mills,  besides  10  or 
12  other  factories,  which  produce  cotton  and  woolen 
goods  in  large  quantities,  with  many  other  articles. 
The  falls  of  Shetucket  dcst  rve  attention.  Popula. 
tion  of  Norwich,  according  to  the  census  of  1840,  is 
4,500.  -  '-^ 

JewetVs  City, — An  extensive  manufacturing  vil- 
lage of  New  London  county. 

Canterbury^ 

Ww^/ieW,  and  --'^ 

Thompson,  are  small  villages  of  Windham  county, 
Conn. 

Oxford. — A  village  of  ths  township  of  the  san^e 
name,  in  Worcester  county,  Mass. 

Worcester. f 

Bo8ton,f  •  ' 


i\ 


JRoutefrom  New  York  to  Boston,  via  Bridgeport,  by 
steamboat  and  railroad. 


Bridgeport,  st.  boat,  60 
Newtown,  R.  R.  20  80 
New  Milford,  do  16  96 
Kent,  do  12  108 

Cornwall,       do  12  120 


Canaan  falls,  R.R.  6  126 
W.  Stockbr.  do  28  144 
Springfield,  do  62  206 
Worcester,  do  54  260 
Boston,  do  44  304 


Bridgeport.-— A  city  of  Fairfield  county.  Conn., 
beautifully  situated  on  a  smail  bay  of  Long  Island 
8ound,  having  a  population  of  about  1,700.  Sinc^ 
the  completion  of  the  Housatonic  railroad,  whicn 
commences  here,  the  city  has  assumed  quite  a  busi. 
ness.Hke  appearance,  and  is  now  one  of  the  most 
Nourishing  and  handsome  towns  of  the  sta^te. 

N^twtown, — A,  neat  village  of  Fairfield  county. 

Mew  Milford. — A  handsome  little  village  ot  Litch- 
field county,  Conn. 


NEW-TORK  TO    BOSTON. 


119 


Kent — A  vMlage  of  Litchfield  county,  Conn*,  si- 
tuated on  the  Housatonic  river. 

Cornwall. — A  village  of  the  same  county,  roman. 
tically  situated  among  the  hills  of  Housato'iic.  A 
school  for  the  instruction  of  Indians  was  established 
here  in  1818,  at  which  Obookiah,  a  native  of  Owyhee, 
was  educated ;  but,  ere  he  could  return  to  his  native 
country,  he  sickened  and  died.  A  neat  monument 
to  his  memory  may  be  seen  in  the  village  church- 
yard. 

Canaan  falls. — A  beautiful  cataract  in  the  Housa. 
tonic  river,  occasioned  by  a  ledge  of  Hmestone  rocks, 
over  which  the  water  is  precipitated,  in  an  unbroken 
fall  of  60  feet. 

West  Stockbridge.i — [Here  the  Housatonic  rail- 
road is  intersected  by  the  Albany  and  West'Stock- 
Hridge  railway,  by  which  a  practicable  route  from 
New  York  to  Albany  is  furnished.  The  distance 
from  New  York  to  Bridgeport,  by  steamboat,  is  61) 
miles,  thence  to  West  Stockbridge  94  miles,  and 
thence  to  Albany  41  miles.  Total  distance  from  N'. 
York  to  Albany  195  miles.] 

S^ringfield.i 

WorcesterA 

Boston.f 


1 1 


Bouie  from  New.  York  to  Hartford^  Conn,      h. 

N.  Haven,  as  above,    80     Mcriden,  byR.R.  6    9^ 
Wallingford,R,R.12    92    Hartford,     do     18  110 

New  Haten. — One  of  the  capitals  of  the  state  of 
Connecticut,  and  the  most  po<>ulous  and  beautiful 
town  of  the  state.  New  Haven  has  long  been  cele- 
brated, not  only  as  the  seat  of  Yale  College,  one  of  the 
oldest  and  most  distinguished  schools  oT  the  country, 
but  also  for  its  numerous  scientific  and  literary  in- 
stitutions ;  which,  with  the  uncommon  beauty  of  the 
city  itself,  and  the  general  intelligence  of  the  inhabit- 


* 


ii;. 


129 


CANADA. 


antfli  render  it  one  of  the  most  attractive  places  in 
New  England.  Population  12,960. 
-'<  Wallingfdrd, — A  village  of  Now  Haven  county, 
beautifully  situated  on  an  eminence  about  a  mile  east 
from  the  Quinnipiac.  It  consists  of  two  parallel 
streeip  extending  along  the  ridge  of  a  hill.  The  main 
street,  on  which  the, most  of  the  buildings  are  erect, 
ed,  is  nearly  a  mile  in  length. 

Meriden. — A  manufacturing  town  of  New  Haven 
county.  Here  are  produced,  in  great  abundance, 
patent  augers  and  auger  bitts,  combs,  tin  and  Britan- 
nia ware,  iron  castings,  coffee  mills,  clocks,  ironmon- 
gery, block  tin  ware,  skates,  rakes,  &c. 

A  short  distance  from  the  village  is  the  famous 
Cat  Hole,  a  narrow  and  romantic  glen,  through  which 
a  road  has  been  constructed. 

Hartford. — A  city,  and  one  6f  the  capitals  of  Con- 
necticut, situated  on  the  right  or  west  bank  of  Con- 
necticut river.  The  city  plot  is  rather  irregular,  and 
is  intersected  by  Little  river,  over  which  is  a  fine 
bridge.  Another  bridge  across  the  Connecticut  unites 
the  city  with  East  Hartford.  Among  the  most  promi- 
nent objects  in  the  city  are,  the  American  Asylum 
for  the  instruction  of  the  deaf  and  dumb ;  Retreat 
for  the  Insane  ;  Washington  College  ;  and  the  Char- 
ter Oakf  an  old  tree,  of  ir^mense  proportions,  in  the 
hollow  of  which  was  secreted,  and  thus  preserved, 
in  the  year  1687,  the  original  colonial  charter,  \...  h 
had  been  demanded  by  the  Governor  General,  with 
a  view  to  its  abrogation. 


CANADA. 


GENERAL  T'^IEW. 


A  va^t  territory  of  North  America,  belonging  at 
present  to  Great  Britain,  lying  in  a  N.  E.  and  S.  W. 
direction,  principally  along  the  N.  side  of  the  St.  Law- 


gANADA* 


121 


i;enQ6,  end  the  N.  and  E.  sides  of  lakes  Ontailo,  Erie, 
iluron,  and  Superior,  between  57°  50'  and  90°  W. 
longitude,  and  42°  and  52^  N.  latitude.  The  other 
portion  of  Canada,  or  that  an  the  S.  side  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,  is  of  comparatively  Umited  dimensions : 
it  stretches  along  the  river  from  near  Montreal  to  Point 
Gaspjg,  ^t, its  embouchure,  having  on  the  S.  the  terri. 
tory  of  tha  Uqited  States  and  New  Brunswick.  Oa 
the  N.  Canada  has  Labrador  and  the  inhospitable 
territories  b'.lQnging  to  the  N.  W.  Company,  the  boun* 
dary  in  this  direction  being  the  elevated  grounds,  or 
water  sheds,  separating  the  rivers  which  run  S.  to  the 
St.  Lawrence  and  the  great  lakes  from  those  which 
run  N.  to  Davis*  straits  and  Hudson's  bay.  The 
length  of  Canada,  from  Amherstburg,  on  Detroit  river, 
the  extreme  S.  W.  limit  of  the  province,  to  Sablon 
harbor,  on  the  strait  of  Belle  lale,  its  extreme  N.  £. 
limit,  is  about  1,450  miles,  its  breadth  may  var}'  ^rom 
200  to  400  miles.  Its  area  has  been  estimated  at  about 
$50,000  square  miles ;  and  its  population  at  present 
probably  exceeds  a  million.  It  is  wholly  within  the 
basin  oi,  the  St.  Lawrence,  of  which  it  includes  thei 
entire  N.  and  a  small  part  of  the  S.  slope.     ^a:^'..t:^\ 

This  great  territory,  which  is  consolidated  under 
one  administration,  is  divided  into  two  parts  as  for. 
marly,  but  are  designated,  as  "  Canada  West "  and 
"  Canada  East,"  the  former  being  identical  with  Up- 
per, and  the  latter  with  Lower  Canada.  The  Ottawa 
or  Grand  river,  which  has  its  sources  in  about  48^ 
30'  N.  latitude,  and  80^  W.  longitude,  and  flows  in  aa 
E.  S.  E.  direction  till  it  unites  witlv  the  St.  Li^wrence, 
near  Montreal,  forms  nearly  in  its  whole  extent  the 
Une  of  demarcation  between  the  two  provinces.  Can. 
ada  West  is  entirely  an  inland  province ;  l^t  front 
its  having  the  great  lakes  and  a  part  of  the  St.  Law. 
rence  for  its  boundary,  it  has  a  vast  command  of  in. 
ternal  navigation,  and  a  ready  access  to  the  ocean. 

The  N.  portion  of  Canada  consists  of  a  table-land, 
Htde  of  which  has  been  hitherto  explored.    In  Can. 


)  -J 


)'i\ 
iM 


122 


CANADA. 


«» ■■ 


i 


* 


ada  West,  E.  of  Huron,  it  has  an  average  elevation 
of  perhaps  from  1,200  to  1,300  feet.  It  is  covered  with 
forests  inrerspersed  with  ravines,  swamps,  and  tor- 
rents ;  and  abounds  with  lakes  which,  any  where  but 
in  the  neighborhood  of  the  immense  lakes  of  this  con- 
tinent, would  be  deemed  of  considerable  size.  7'he 
coast  of  Canada  Eant,  N.  E.  of  the  Saguenay,  is  less 
lofty  than  S.  W.  of  that  river;  but  of  a  very  uninv'*. 
ing  description.  The  interior  of  this  part  of  the  cc  i- 
try  is  described  as  composed  of  rocky  cliffs  and  low 
hills,  scattered  over  barren  plains,  diversified  with 
thick  forests  of  stunted  pines,  and  checkered  with 
small  lakes.  The  greater  part  of  the  immense  dis- 
trict of  Quebec  presents  a  chaos  of  mountains,  lakes, 
and  torrents,  tenanted  only  by  wild  beasts,  and  a  few 
Vs'Oindering  Indians.  From  the  mouth  of  the  Sague- 
nay  to  Cape  Tourment,  near  Quebec,  the  shore  of  the 
St.  Lawrence  is  bold  and  desolate ;  but  W.  of  this 
point  a  plain  country  begins  to  extend  inland,  with  a 
variable  breadth  of  from  15  to  40  miles,  rising  into  the 
table-land  behind  it  by  successive  terraces.  The  cul- 
tivated country  N.  of  Quebec  does  not  extend  far, 
being  hemmed  in  by  hill  ranges.  But  as  these  ranges 
gradually  recede  from  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  the 
country,  at  first  diversified  by  varied  eminences,  sinks 
into  a  level  plain,  the  surface  of  settled  and  cultivated 
land  increases ;  and  this  is  especially  the  case  as  we 
approach  and  penetrate  Canada  West.  The  penin- 
sula or  great  plain  of  this  province,  between  lakes 
Huron,  Erie,  and  Ontario,  comprising  about  20,000 
square  miles,  consists,  for  the  most  part,  of  alluvial 
soil,  on  a  calcareous  substratum.  It  is  of  varying 
fertility ;  but,  on  the  whole,  is  believed  to  be  the  best 
grain  country  of  any  of  the  more  N.  porti  >ns  of  the 
•American  continent.  A  large  part  of  this  fine  plain 
is  still  covered  with  lofty  forests :  it  has,  hoyvever, 
some  prairies,  or  natural  meadows ;  but  these  ar j  not 
extensive.  At  some  remote  period  it  had  evidently 
formed  part  of  the  bed  of  a  vast  inland  sea,  of  which 


'^r 


CANADA. 


123 


tho  five  great  lakes  having  been  the  deepest,  are  now 
the  principal  remaining  portions.  N.  of  lake  Ontario, 
two  terraces  intervene  between  the  plain  on  the  shoro 
of  the  lake  and  the  table-land  in  the  N.,  decreasing 
somewhat  in  fertility  as  they  increase  in  heit^ht,  and 
separated  from  each  other  and  from  the  plain  by  two 
ranges  of  hills  of  moderate  elevation.  The  most  S. 
of  these  two  ranges  unite  near  longitude  80o  with  a 
third,  which  passes  N.  and  S.  from  Natiiwasanga 
bay,  in  lake  Huron,  to  the  W.  extremity  of  lake  On- 
tario. The  combined  range,  after  encircling  the  head 
of  the  latter  lake,  crosses  the  bed  of  the  Nia«jrara  river, 
forming  the  If  ige  over  which  are  the  celebrated  falls, 
and  is  finally  lost  in  the  territory  of  the  U.  States. 

That  part  of  Canada  East,  S  of  the  St.  Lawrence, 
extending  between  longitude  72O30'  and  74°  30,  and 
entering  into  the  district  of  Montreal,  consists,  tor 
the  most  part,  of  an  extended  plain  almost  complete- 
ly flat,  except  that  some  detached  hills  diversify  the 
surface,  one  of  which,  that  of  Rouville,  is  1,100  feet 
in  height.  It  is  less  extensive  than  the  plain  on  the 
opposite  shore  of  the  river,  and  contains  no  large 
towns,  but  it  is  in  many  districts  equally  fertile  and 
well  watered,  and  the  cities  are  dependent  on  it  for 
a  large  proportion  of  their  supplies.  To  the  S.  and 
E.  it  ascends  by  degrees  into  the  mountainous  re. 
gions.  The  aspect  of  the  S.  shore  of  the  BBStuary  of 
the  St.  Lawrence,  between  longitude  69°  .SO'  and  72°, 
though  bold  and- hilly,  is  not  mountainous,  as  on  the 
opposite  shore  :  and  the  hill  ranges  are  interspersed 
with  valleys  and  even  plains  of  some  extent,  many 
of  which,  from  the  encouragement  afforded  by  the 
contiguous  markets  of  the  capital,  have  been  brought 
into  very  tolerable  cultivation.  E.  of  Kamouraska, 
the  country  is  diversified  by  more  abrupt  eminences, 
while  population  and  culture  become  more  limited ; 
and  in  the  district  of  Gasp^  the  mountains  rise  into 
two  chains  of  considerable  elevation,  enclosing  be. 
twe^a  thfm  a  lofty  table-land  or  c«Qtral  valley.    Thfi. 


:  jt\l 


^:A-''A 


I'l 


M: 


'i 


l34 


CAlfADA. 


1,4 


most  southerly  of  these  chains  bounds  on  its  6.  tide 
the  valley  of  the  Ristigouche  and  St.  John  rivers. 

Besides  the  great  lakes  indenting  the  W.  outline  of 
the  country,  Canada  contains,  as  has  been  already 
said,  numerous  minor,  yet  still  considerable,  bodies 
of  water.  In  Cailada  East;  the  Idkes  and  rivers  have 
been  estimated  to  cover  3,200  square  miles  of  surface; 
the  principal  of  the  former  hitherto  discovered  are 
lake  St.  John,  with  an  area  of  540  square  miles  t  those 
of  Manicouagan,  Piretibbe,  and  others  N.  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,  and  Mephramagog,  &c.,  S.  of  that  river. 
In  Canada  West,  the  chief  known  are  Nipissing  lake, 
Timiscaming  and  St.  Ann's,  in  the  high  table-land ; 
and  the  Simcoe  lake  in  the  upper  terrace  country  of 
the  Home  district. 

Amongst  the  rivers  falling  into  the  St.  Lawrence, 
or  into  the  lakes  which  form  part  of  its  system,  there 
are  some  deserving  of  especial  mention  here  for  their 
utility  as  regards  navigation,  or  their  ogelicy  tn  ffertiT- 
izing  the  soil.  In  the  peninsula  of  Canada  West, 
the  Thames  originates  in  the  district  of  London,  by 
the  union  of  several  streams,  near  latitude  43°  and 
longitude  81°,  and  after  a  course  of  about  150  miles 
chiefly  S.  W.  falls  into  lake  St.  Clair,  situated  between 
those  of  Huron  and  Erie.  The  Thames  is  navigable 
for  large  vessels  t6  Chatham,  15  miles  up,  and  for 
boats  nearly  to  its  source.  II  intersects  and  waters  a 
fine  and  fertile  country.  Besides  Chatham,  small 
towns,  with  the  pompous  names  of  London  and  Ox- 
ford, are  situated  upon  its  banks.  Next  in  magni- 
tude to  the  Thames  is  the  Ouse.  This  river  rises  in 
the  Home  district,  about  latitude  44^,  longitude  80° 
10',  runs  generally  S.  E.,  and  falls  into  lake  Erie  near 
its  N.  E.  extremity.  Parallel  to  this  river  for  about 
50  miles,  runs  the  Welland  or  Chippewa  river,  which 
in  one  part  of  its  course  forms  a  portion  of  the  canal 
between  the  Ouse  and  lake  Ontario;  by  tneans  of 
virhich  the  falls  of  Niagara  are  avoided.  The  Trent, 
in  the  district  of  Newcastle,  connects  the  small  lakes 


■*-.' 


I.I 


CArVADA. 


125 


Balsam,  Sturgeon,  and  several  others  in  the  \ipper 
terrace  country,  with  the  Rice  lake,  and,  after  a  tor- 
tuous course,  discharges  itself  into  the  bay  of  Quint^, 
in  lake  Ontario.  It  is  Raid  to  be  navigable  for  boats 
In  the  whole  of  its  course.  The  lake  Balsam  is  sep- 
arated by  only  a  short  portage  from  that  of  Simcoe, 
which  discharges  its  waters  into  Gloucester  bay  (Hu- 
ron lake)  by  the  Severn  river.  A  short  and  valuable 
line  of  direct  water  communication  between  the  lakes 
Huron  and  Ontario  is  apparently  impeded  only  by 
the  intervention  of  this  short  portage,  and  by  the  ra- 
pids of  the  Severn,  which  river  is,  however,  no  more 
than  20  miles  in  length.  If  we  except  the  St  John, 
the  Ristigouche,  which  bounds  the  district  of  Gaspe 
S.,  and  falls  into  Chalour  bay,  is  the  only  river  of  any 
importance  in  Canada  not  belonging  to  the  St.  Law- 
rence basin. 

Climate. — The  climate  of  Canada  is  subject  to 
great  extremes  of  heat  and  cold  ;  the  thermometer 
ranging  between  102°  above,  and  SG"^  below,  the  zero 
pfFahr.  In  such  an  extensive  region  there  is,  of 
course,  some  difference  in  this  respect ;  as  we  ascend 
the  St.  Lawrence,  not  only  a  more  S.  parallel  is 
reached,  but  the  country  is  less  wild  and  exposed 
than  that  near  its  entrance ;  so  that  whilst  Quebec 
has  been  said  to  have  the  summer  of  Paris  and  the 
>vinter  of  St.  Petersburg,  the  great  plain  of  lake  Erie 
has  the  cHmate  of  Philadelphia.  Still  the  Canadian 
chmate,  as  a  whole,  must  be  considered  very  severe  : 
all  the  streams  are  locked  up  by  ice,  and  the  ground 
is  covered  every  where,  to  an  average  depth  of  5  or  6 
feet,  by  snow,  for  4  or  5  mon  ths  of  every  year.  Frosts 
usually  commence  in  October,  whilst  the  weather,  by 
day,  is  still  mild  and  serene.  But  with  November 
begins  a  succession  of  snow-storms  and  tempests, 
from  the  N.  and  E.,  accompanied  by  a  great  increase 
of  cold ;  and  this  sort  of  weather  usually  continues 
to  the  2d  or  3d  week  of  December,  when  the  atmos- 
phere again  becomes  serene,  but  the  cold  still  more 


id6 


CANADA. 


'i''! 


intense,  flo  that  the  rivers  become  suddenly  frozen 
over.  Towards  the  latter  part  of  April,  or,  in  lato 
seasons,  the  benrinning  of  May,  the  ice  begins  to  break 
up  (often  with  loud  reports  like  the  discharge  of  can- 
non ;)  a  sudden  increase  of  temperature  stimulates 
vegetation,  and  makes  its  growth  almost  perceptible 
to  the  eye  ;  so  that  spring  and  summer  can  scarcely 
be  recognised  as  distinct  seasons.  May  and  June 
are  occasionally  wet,  to  the  hinderance  of  the  farmer, 
whose  seed-time  this  is  (to  be  followed  by  harvest 
towards  the  end  of  August ;)  but  usually,  the  sum- 
mers are  very  fine.  Thunder-storms  are  often  of 
great  violence,  and  the  aurora  borealis  is  frequent  and 
vivid :  of  the  prevailing  winds,  those  from  the  3.  W. 
are  usually  accompanied  by  clear  and  serene  wea- 
ther ;  those  from  the  N.  E.  by  continued  rain  in  sum- 
mer,  and  anow  in  winter ;  whilst  a  N.  W.  breeze  is 
usually  dry,  with  severe  cold.  Fogs  (except  in  the 
district  of  (jrasp6)are  of  unusual  occurrence.  It  seema 
to  be  the  general  opinion  of  the  inhabitants,  that  the 
winters  are  gradually  becoming  less  severe  :  and  this 
may  be  attributable  to  the  clearance  of  the  forests  and 
the  increased  extent  of  cultivated  surface ;  for,  whilst 
the  state  of  climate  (especially  of  humidity)  influences 
vegetation,  that,  in  turn,  reacts  on  cHmate.  Hum-^ 
boldt*s  reasoning*  and  tables  {Memoir ea  d*Arceuili 
tom.  iii.)  may  be  satisfactorily  referred  to  for  the  con^ 
ditions  that  have  the  greatest  and  most  permanent 
influence  on  the  Canadian  climate. 

The  length  and  severity  of  the  Canadian  winter  id 
a  heavy  drawback  on  the  country,  and  lays  the  far- 
mer under  serious  difficulty  and  privations  not  ex- 
perienced  in  countries  where  the  climate  is  milder, 
as  in  the  contiguous  territories  of  Indiana  and  Illinois. 
For  five  or  six  months  almost  all  agricultural  opera, 
tions  are  suspended,  so  that  time  is  not  left  in  the 
rest  of  the  year  for  the  proper  preparation  of  the  ground 
for  the  crops  and  other  necessary  labors.  It  is  clear 
tofs  that  boraeBt  cattle,  and  other  farm  itooki  voxuA 


>i  i  t 


CANADA. 


127 


require  a  proportionally  large  supply  of  fodder  for 
their  keep.  In  these  respects,  however,  there  is  a 
material  diflference  between  the  two  provinces.  In 
Canada  West  the  severity  and  the  length  of  the  win- 
ter are  considerably  diminished.  The  soil  too  is  gen- 
erally better;  and  the  quality  of  the  wheat  improves 
as  we  draw  nearer  to  the  S.  limit  of  the  province. 

Most  of  the  causes  that  contribute  to  make  the  cli. 
mate  of  the  northern  part  of  America  more  severe, 
and  subject  to  greater  extremes  than  that  of  Europe, 
in  the  same  parallel,  bear  with  especial  force  on  the 
Canadian  regions.  The  greater  portion  of  these  pro- 
vinces  is  covered  by  extensive  forests ;  the  trees  com- 
posing which  (especially  in  the  more  northern  and 
eastern  parts)  do  not,  generally  speaking,  attain 
the  same  lofty  size  as  those  of  the  United  States,  nor 
flouHsh  with  the  same  exuberant  vitality :  the  pine 
family,  and  various  species  of  evergreens,  are  the 
most  numerous  and  predominant.  Amongst  various 
other  kinds  of  trees,  are,  the  silver  and  American  firs, 
Weymouth  and  Canadian  pines,  white  cedar  ( TAti^a 
oecidentalist)  maple,  birch,  American  ash,  bass  wood^ 
hickory,  two  or  three  species  of  wild  cherry,  and  nu* 
merous  species  of  oak.  Like  the  rest  of  the  Ameri- 
can  continent,  most  of  the  plants  and  animals  differ 
specifically  froin  those  of  the  Old  World.  Many  of 
the  smaller  kinds  of  annual  and  perennial  plants  are 
common  to  Cane  da  and  riegions  lying  much  further 
to  the  S.,  which  may  be  accounted  for  by  the  high 
summer  temperature,  whilst  the  deep  winter  snows 
effectually  protect  their  roots  through  the  severest  sea- 
sons ;  but  the  trees  and  larger  shrubs,  which  find  no 
such  shelter,  belong  for  the  most  part  to  more  north- 
ern  and  arctic  regions.  Of  the  smaller  plants,  the 
Zizania  aquatica  may  be  noticed  as  pecuhar  to  Cod- 
ada,  and  abounding  in  most  of  the  swamps  (a  grass 
not  unlike  rice,  and  affording  food  to  birds,  and  oc- 
casionally to  the  Indian  tribes,)  and  the  ginseng,  and 
Gftnadiaa  MHy^  bommon  to  this  country  and  Kami. 


r 


1-28 


CANADA. 


a"  . .^»ij. 


chatska.  From  the  eap  of  the  maple  (acer  aaeehart* 
fium,)  as  it  rises  in  the  earlier  part  of  spring,  sugar 
is  made  in  considerable  quantities;  in  collecting 
which,  from  trees  scattered  over  thousands  of  acres, 
whilst  the  snow  still  covers  the  ground,  much  hard- 
t  ship  is  frequently  endured  :  these  districts  are  called 

T*  •'  sugaries,  and  a  valuable  description  of  property.  The 
mode  of  procuring  it  is  by  inserting  a  small  cane  shoot 
through  an  incision  made  in  the  bark,  the  sap  being 
received  in  a  wooden  trough  placed  under  it;  it  is  after- 
wards boiled,  and  left  to  cool  into  a  hard  solid  mas,  of  a 
dark  brown  color,  which  is  moulded  by  the  form  of  the 
jars  which  contain  it;  the  value  of  the  article  is  about 
half  of  that  produced  from  the  sugar-cane.  Most  of 
the  oak  growing  in  the  woods  is  unfit  for  ship.buildr 
ing,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  timber  used  for  that 
purpose  is  imported  from  New  England.  The  spe- 
cies called  the  live  oak,  which  grows  in  the  warmer 
parts  of  the  colony,  is,  however,  said  to  be  well  adapt, 
ed  for  ship  timber ;  the  various  kinds  of  wood  avail- 
able for  no  other  purpose,  serve  to  supply  the  pot  and 
pearl.ash  manufactories.  Amongst  the  wild  animaU 
ranging  through  these  unreclaimed  regions,  are  the 

f  American  elk,  fallow  deer,  bear,  wolf,  fox,  wild  cat, 

racoon,  martin,  otter,  and  various  species  of  Viverrd 
and  MusteltB;  the  beaver,  hare,  grey  and  red  squir- 
rel ;  and  in  the  more  southern  parts,  the  buffalo  and 
roebuck :  the  bears  usually  hibernate,  if  the  seasori 
has  enabled  them  to  get  sufficiently  fat  for  the  pur- 
pose ;  if  not,  they  migrate  to  a  more  southerly  climate. 
Amongst  the  birds,  may  be  noticed  the  wild  pigeon^ 
quail,  partridge,  and  different  kinds  of  grouse;  of  the 
water  birds,  the  species  are  very  numerous,  as  might 
be  inferred  from  the  general  character  of  the  region, 
where,  in  the  basin  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  the  nu- 
^'xnerous  lakes  occupying  the  elevated  table-lands 
,  around  it,  half  the  fresh  water  on  the  surface  of  th^ 
""  globe  is  .collected  ;  a  humming  bird  (the  smallest  oJF 
its  genus)  is  also  indigenous,  and  may  be  seen  in  ih|9 


*        f  J 


a 


m 


GAUADA. 


109 


Qoebee  ^rdens,  flitting  round  the  flowers.  Amongftil 
the  reptiles,  the  rattie8n<iko  is  occasionally  met  with. 
Fish,  in  great  tariety  and  abundance,  are  found  in  the 
lakes  and  rivers;  in  which  respect  few  streams  can 
rival  the  St.  Lawrence ;  the  sturgeon  is  common,  and 
the  salmon  and  herring  fisheries  are  considerable; 
seals  are  also  met  with  occasionally,  in  large  shoals, 
in  the  lower  parts  of  the  river.  Forests  can  only  ex- 
ist where  the  prevailing  winds  bring  with  them  suf. 
ficient  moisture,  but  they  may  usually  be  taken  as  a 
measure  of  the  fertility  of  the  soil,  no  less  than  of  the 
humidity  of  the  climate :  in  this  respect,  therefore, 
taken  generally,  Canada  must  be  considered  a  fertile 
region;  the  western  province  much  more  so  than  the 
eastern  one.  Tobacco,  hemp,  flax,  and  the  diflerent 
kinds  of  grain  and  of  pulse,  are  successfully  cultivated; 
as  are  all  the  commoner  fruits  and  vegetables  of  Eng. 
land :  melons  of  diflerent  species  abound,  and  are 
probably  indigenous ;  as  are  also  the  strawberry  and 
raspberry :  these  last  flourish  luxuriantly  in  the  woods; 
and  on  the  plains  behind  Quebec  are  gathered  in  great 
quantities,  and  taken  to  that  market.  Pears  and  ap- 
ples succeed  well,  both  there  and  at  Montreal ;  and 
on  the  shores  of  Lake  Erie,  the  grape,  peach,  and 
nectarine,  as  well  as  all  the  hardier  kinds  of  fruit,  ar. 
rive  at  the  greatest  perfection. 

Canada  does  not  appear  to  be  rich  in  minerals,  but 
iron  abounds  in  some  districts ;  veins  of  silver-lead 
have  been  met  with  in  St.  Paul's  Bay  (50  miles  be- 
low Quebec,)  and  coals,  salt,  and  sulphur,  are  also 
known  to  exist  in  the  colony.  No  volcanos  have 
been  discovered,  but  authentic  accounts  are  preserved 
of  several  violent  earthquakes  :  amongst  others,  one 
in  1663,  when  tremendous  convulsions,  lasting  for 
six  months,  extending  from  Quebec  to  Tadeausac 
(130  miles  below  it,)  which  broke  up  the  ice  of  the 
rivers,  and  caused  many  great  land.slips  and  disioca. 
tions;  in  1791,  earthquakes  were  also  frequent  and 
violent)  in  the  same  region ;  and  the  shores,  both  of 


•  i 


^..i- 


.-,v 


■  Hi 


!lj   ::    i:'- 


130 


CANADA. 


4 


the  gulf  and  river  St.  Lawrence  present  many  proofs 
of  former  convulflions  in  the  horizontal  banks  of  re- 
cent 8hiMj2[l«  nnii  f«he)l9,  and  in  clevatrd  lime.mone 
strata,  with  wnvc.sooopod  marks,  and  lithodomoue 
pcrforntions,  that  occur  on  various  parts  of  the  shores. 
People  — The  majority  of  the  population  in  East 
Canada  are  of  French  origin,  and  are  for  the  most 
part  descendants  of  settlers  from  Normandy,  estab- 
lished in  the  colony  previously  to  1759.  Their  num- 
ber at  that  period  was  about  70.000,  and  in  1831  they 
had  increased  (according  to  the  census)  to  upwards 
of  400,000;  the  most  rapid  augmentation  probably  of 
any  on  record  from  b'rths  alone.  Neither  the  con- 
quest, nor  the  long  period  which  has  since  elapsed, 
has  wrought  any  great  change  in  their  character  and 
habits;  nor  has  their  increasing  numbers  induced 
them  to  make  any  considerable  encroachments  on 
the  wilderness  around:  on  the  contrary,  they  have 
•  continued  within  their  original  limits,  subdividing  the 
land  more  and  more,  and  submitting  to  a  constantly 
decreasing  ratio  of  comfort.     They  are  frugal,  honest, 

•  industrious,  and  hospitable,  but  cling  with  unreason, 
ing  tenacity  to  their  ancient  prejud  c*'^  and  customs  ; 
by  temperament,  cheerful,  social,  engaging,  and  (froni 
the  highest  to  the  lowest)  distinguished  for  courtjesy 
and  real  politeness,  they  retain  all  the  essential  char- 
acteristics of  the  French  provinces  under  the  ancient 
regime,  and  present  the  spectacle  of  an  old,  uneducat- 
ed, stationary  society,  in  a  new  and  progressive  world. 
A  few  seignorial  families  possess  large,  but  not  very 

•  yaluable  properties :  the  class  wholly  dependent  on 
wages  is  a  very  small  one ;  and  the  great  majority 
consists  of  a  hard-working  yeomanry  (usually  called 
hahitana^)  amonerst  whom  there  is  almost  a  universal 

^  equality  of  condition  and  property.  From  the  public 
colleges  and  seminaries  established  in  the  cities  and 
other  central  points  by  the  early  possessors  of  the 
country,  chiefly  by  the  Jesuits  (where  the  education 
res^mblQB  that  of  our  public  grammar-acliools,  and  ia 


"m 


CANADA. 


131 


oms; 
(from 
>urtjBsy 
char- 
ncient 
ducat, 
world, 
very 
ent  on 
ajorlty 
called 
versal 
public 
8  and 
>f  the 
;ation 
ftndif 


entirely  in  the  hands  of  tho  Catholic  clerg:y,)  between 
900  and  300  annually  finish  their  education,  and 
are  diapcrKcd  through  the  community:  nearly  the 
whole  of  these  ure  of  the  cIuhs  of  hnbitanit^  and  re. 
turn  to  r&^ide  amongst  thum,  mostly  as  notaries  or  sur. 
geons ;  and  thus,  living  on  toirns  of  complete  30cial 
equahty,  though  with  greatly  superior  knowledge,  in 
communities  which  possess  nothing  in  the  shape  of 
municipal  institutions,  they  possess  almost  despotic 
influence  over  popular  opinion  and  conduct  in  all  pub. 
lie  matters.  The  habitant  under  the  old  feudal  te. 
nures  have  cleared  two  or  three  bells  of  land  along 
the  St.  Lawrence,  and  cultivate  them  on  the  worst 
system  of  small  farming;  their  farms  and  residences 
being  all  so  connected,  that  the  country  of  the  seign. 
cries  appears  like  a  continuous  village.  They  spin 
and  weave  their  own  wool  and  flax,  and  make  their 
own  soap,  candles,  and  sugar.  What  energy  and 
enterprise  there  exists  in  the  community  (beyond .the 
portion  required  by  this  sort  o*"  routine)  is  exerted  in 
the  fur  trade  and  in  hunting. 

The  Anglo-Saxon  portion  of  the  population  of 
Canada  East  consists  almost  wholly  of  persons  who 
have  emigrated  from  the  United  Kingdom,  or  the  de. 
Scendants  of  such,  subsequent  to  1759.  A  consider- 
able addition  was  made  to  their  numbers  by  U.  S.  loy. 
alists  in  1787  ;  at  a  subsequent  period  many  fair  iLas 
from  Vermont  have  settled  in  the  *  O'.  ,in. 

ing  that  state,  and  since  the  formati.  r  i  tii  A'-.  « 
can  Land  C  "npany  many  haveen;,;r-  -■  '''.< 't;^ 
their  exertion  .  A  majority  of  the  i  ";u-  c  ^  r^. 
this  portion  of  the  population  are  Irish  v  '  w . ,  the 
rest  are  English  or  Scotch  Protestants  :  besides  this, 
they  possess  the  best  cultivated  farms  in  the  province, 
and  are  owners  of  fully  half  the  more  valuable  seign. 
ories.  Th»  inhabitants  of  the  W.  province  consist 
principally  of  the  descendants  of  U.  S.  lo>  ali&ts,  pre- 
viously to  1787,  and  of  subsequent  settlers,  or  their 
dii^jendouts,  from,  the  United  Kingdom  and  the  states: 


-■■1 


I 


.:•;,   ■■*•  •■;-: 


n 


/♦•- 
% 


■  V. 


132 


*^ 


V  « 


QANAPA. 


an  exteoLive  emigration  from  the  foriner,  subsequent 
to  1828,  nearly  doubled  the  previous  population  of  the 
province.  Of  the  emigrants  froii:  the  United  King, 
do*^  ,  many  were  half-pay  army  or  navy  oiSicers,  and 
of  the  working  '^lasses  a  onsideraUe  proportion  we:e 
Irish'  The  Catholiq  population  of  the  wester.ii  pro- 
vince  is  estimatea  at  one  fifth  part  of  the  whole  :  m 
the  back  part  of  the  Niagara  district  some  Dutch  set- 
tlers are  established ;  and  a  few  French  families  along 
the  Pelroit.  The  population  at  present  is  esUmated 
at  500,000,  scattered  along  an  extensive  frontier,  with 
very  imperfect  means  of  inter-communication ;  the 
more  thickly  settled  districts  being,  of  course,  in  the 
occupation  of  the  older  section  of  residents,  who  are 
for  the  most  part  owners  also  of  the  wild  lands  m 
those  districts.  The  iiumber  of  emigrants  from  the 
United  Kingdom,  Which  landed  at  the  port  of  Quebec 
in  the  nine  years  ending  1838,  amounted  toS63,089: 
of  these,  165,000  proceeded  to  the  western  province; 
but  of  the  whole  number,  from  50  to  60  per  cent.,  re. 
emigrated^  after  a  short  residence,  to  the  U.  Statesv 
The  greatest  number  which  emigrated  in  any  QUe 
year  was  in  1832,  when  51,746  arrived  at  Quebec^ 
t\e  smallest  number  was  in  1838,  when  4,992  only 
reached  that  port.  Within  the  period  spoken  of  there 
were  also  50,000  estimated  to  have  reached  the  pro- 
vinces by  way  of  New  York  and  the  Erie  canal;  a 
like  proportion  of  whom  also  re-emigrated. 

Thero  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  valley  of  the  Mis. 
sissippi  offers  incomparably  greater  advantages  to  in. 
dustrious  immigra  .its,  whether  with  or  without  capital, 
than  can  be  enjoyed  in  any  part  of  Canada.  It  has 
a  better  cHmate,  a  better  and  cheaper  soil,  and  is  free 
from  the  greater  number  of  those  social  greivances 
that  disturb  and  embitter  society  in  Qanada.  The 
wonder  in  fact,  is,  not  that  so  many  of  the  emigrants 
to  Canada  have  left  it  for  the  United  States,  but  that 
any  considerable  portion  of  them  should  hove  remain- 
od  behind. 


\  v 


CANADA. 


133 


rants 


'  The  native  Indian  tribes  still  occupy  portions  of 
this  colony  on  lakes  Superior  and  Huron,  and  along 
the  whole  extent  towards  the  north  boundaries  *  but 
their  numbers  are  rapidly  diminishing,  and  tht^y  are 
fast  degenerating  from  their  original  spirit  and  char- 
acter,  so  that  the  utter  extinction  of  the  race  seems 
inevitable,  as  civilization  advances  on  the  wilderness, 
to  which,  only,  they  appear  to  be  adapted.  Various 
attempts  have  been  made,  from  1776,  downward,  to 
settle  and  instruct  them  in  agriculture  and  the  arts, 
but  with  very  little  success.  There  are  .".ve  of  these 
settlements  in  the  easiern  province  ;  the  number  of  In- 
dians at  which  is  estimated  at  3,437,  the  most  numer- 
ous  being  the  Iroquois  and  Algonquina.  Those  of  the 
8ix  Nations  (whu  were  the  firm  allies  of  the  British 
in  the  first  American  war)  are  estimated  at  2,149; 
the  Mohawks  of  the  Bay  of  Quints  337 ;  the  other 
tribes  at  6,428 ;  they  occupy  traces  along  the  rivers 
St.  Clair,  Aux  Sables,  Detroit,  Thames,  Ouse,  and 
Credit;  lakes  Simcoe,  Rice,  Mud,  and  Balsam,  and 
Point  Peter ;  the  great  Manitouwunning  (containing 
about  1,000,000  acres)  is  also  appropriated  to  Id. 
dians  who  choose  to  settle.  The  lands  are  held  un- 
der  the  crown  'i  joint  tenancy  to  them  and  their 
posterity,  and  a  e  not  allowed  to  be  leased  or  sold 
without  its  consent.  Besides  the  above,  there  are 
other  tribes  round  the  shores  of  lake  Michigan,  and 
the  south  aide  of  lake  Superior  (about  2,000  in  all,)  ' 
who  consider  themselves  as  ovvinq  allegiance  to  the 
British  crov/n,  and  attend  to  receive  presents  ak- 
nually :  ther©  are  also  many  tribes  on  the  north  sides 
of  lakes  Huron  and  Superior,  who  consider  ihat  vast 
tract  their  owr.,  and  occupy  it  as  hunting-grounds. 
Large  sums  have  been  expeivded  by  religious  societies 
in  futile  efforts  to  improve  them ;  and  the  Indian  de- 
partment of  government  has  occasionally  cost  150,000/ 
in  a  single  year :  the  object  of  the  last,  however,  has 
rather  been  to  make  the  services  of  the  Indians  avail, 
able  in  war,  than  v/ith  a  view  to  their  permanent  im* 

12 


y 


■■;!t 


134 


CANAbA. 


provement ;  the  Hudson's  Bay  and  Canada  compft. 
nies  have,  also,  not  scrupled  to  employ  them  in  the 
same  way ;  and  it  is  stated,  that  without  a  change  of 
system  in  both  respects  the  fate  of  the  Indians  is 
sealed.  But  the  truth  is,  that,  however  it  may  be 
changed,  their  fate  is  sealed. 

.Distribution  and  Tenure  of  Lands  in  the  Eastern 
Province^  Government,  ^c. — About  l-38lh  part  of 
the  area  of  the  province  is  estimated  to  be  under  some 
sort  of  cultivation.     The  extent  of  land  surveyed  in 
each  'isirict,  down  to  10th  Ji.ly,  1838,  was — in  the 
Montreal  district,  2,286,750  acres;    Three  Rivers, 
2.098.908    do.;    Quebec,'  1,383,666    do.;    Gasp^ 
400,639  do.;   making  a  total  of  6,169,963  statute 
acres.     This  is  divided  in  townships  averaging  about 
70,000  square  acres,  and  is  exclusive  of  an  allowance 
of  5  per  cent,  for  highways,  and  of  a  block  of  land, 
set  off  for  the  British  American  Land  Company,  in  the 
county  Sherbrook,  district  of  Three  Rivers,  contam- 
ing  585,089  acres.    The  land  comprised  in  the  seign- 
ori^i  districts  amounts  to  about  8,300,000  acres;  of 
this  last,  the  whole  has  been  granted  by  the  crown, 
subject  to  ftn  obligation  to  concede  to  actual  settlers, 
and  4,300,000  acres  have  been  "thus  conceded.     Of 
the  township  land  3,500,000  acres  have  been  disposed 
of  **  for  other  than  public  purposes."     The  grants 
made  by  the  French  government  previously  to  the 
conqjeet,  were  on  one  uniform  system.  Seignories  (or 
lill!"\*>  s  containing  from  9  to  36  square  leagues)  were 
C.  vti  '  i  m  favor  of  certain  leading  individuals,  who 
V^  *    '0  nd  to  grant  or  **  concede^*  a  specified  portion 
to  any    p^Iicant;  the  profit,  to  the  seignor,  being  de- 
rived from  payment  of  a  small  rent,  from  services 
which  the  eensitaire  (or  tenant)  was  bound  to  per- 
form; from  l-12th  of  the  corn  g-ound  (by  compul- 
sion) at  the  seiguorial  mill ;  and  from  a  fine  on  the 
transference  of  the  property  (other  than  by  inherif- 
ance.) 


•  .4-*\'-  '•  ^Ifll&J'W' . 


i'l 


CANADA. 


136 


Since  the  province  came  under  the  British  govern, 
ment,  the  plans  under  which  land  has  been  granted 
and  sold,  have  differed  very  widely  at  different  pe- 
riods; but  have  very  rarely,  indeed,  been  established 
on  sound  principles.  The  township  lands  have  been 
granted  in  many  modes,  differiner  both  in  their  char- 
acter and  object :  at  first,  they  were  granted  to  settlers 
in  free  and  common  soccage,  wit|i  a  reservation  to 
resume  all,  or  any  part,  if  required  for  military  pur- 
)}Oses,  but  subject  to  no  other  conditions  ;  the  quantity 
so  granted  to  each  individual,  being  limited  to  100 
acres  for  himself,  and  50  acres  additional  for  each 
member  of  his  family  ;  the  governor  having  authority 
to  increase  this  amount,  by  1,C00  acres.  These 
favorable  terms  were  meant  to  attract  settlers  from 
the  colonies,  which  now  form  the  United  Slates.  In 
1775  this  arrangement  was  superseded,  and  the 
Quebec  Act  of  the  preceding  year  hn .  ing  restored  the 
French  code  and  language,  corresponding  instructions 
were  given,  that  future  grants  should  again  be  made 
in  fief  and  seis:nory,  and  three  seignories  were  thus 
created.  In  1791  the  regulations  of  1763  were  revived, 
though  with  certain  conditions  annexed  to  them» 
which  in  practice  were  avoided  :  and  this  mode  con. 
tinned  till  1826;  but  the  constitutional  act  of  1791^ 
also  enacted  that  a  reserve  for  the  support  of  the  Fro, 
testant  clergy  should  be  made,  in  respect  of  every ' 
grant,  equal  in  value,  as  near  as  could  be  estimated, 
to  l-7th  part  of  the  land  granted.  The  crown  reserves 
to  a  like  extent,  originated  in  the  vie'v  of  supplying,^ 
first  by  sales  and  ultimately  by  rents,  an  independent 
source  of  revenue,  and  obviating  the  necessity  of 
taxes,  and  consequently  of  such  disputes  as  had  led 
to  the  Independence  of  the  United  Slates.  These 
reserves,  however,  have  proved  most  serious  obstacles 
to  the  welfare  jf  the  colony,  which  the  mis.construc- 
tion  or  violation  of  the  act  has  aggravated,  by  increas.  ; 
ing  :heir  extent  beyond  what  appears  to  have  been 
ponlemplated.  From  1806,  downward,  no  new  town. 


iiSii 

.11. u 


mm 


m 


196 


CAWADA. 


■yVf 


ships  were  panted  ;  and  the  grants,  on  to  1814,  were 
in  lots  of  200  acres,  to  actual  settlers,  and  few  in 
number.  From  the  last  date,  grants  were  made  on 
•* location  tickets,"  requiring  the  erection  of  a  house, 
and  the  clearing  and  cultivating  4  acres,  before  the 
title  was  perfected.  In  1826  the  new  mode  of  selling 
land  by  auction,  at  a  7ninimum  upset  price,  was 
adopted,  the  purchase  money  being  payable  by  four 
annual  instalments,  without  interest.  In  1831,  the 
purchase-money  was  to  be  repaid  by  half-yearly  in- 
stalments; and  in  1837,  the  purchase-money  was 
made  payable  at  the  time  of  sale  :  but  in  practice  this 
has  not  been  effected.  Besides  the  grants  made  under 
these  different  regulations,  other  exceptional  ones 
have  been  made — mostly  in  rewarr'  of  public  services; 
such  as  those  to  the  militia  of  the  revolutionary  war, 
and  of  that  of  1812 — many  valid  claims  in  these  re- 
spects still  remaining  to  be  settled :  there  has  also 
been  an  exceptional  sale  of  nearly  800,000  acres  to 
the  British  North  American  Land  Company.  The 
crown  reserves  must  be  considered  as  virtually  aban- 
doned when  the  auction  sales  were  introduced ;  and 
an  act  of  the  imperial  legislature  has  authorized  the 
sale  of  l-4th  part  of  the  clergy  reserves,  at  a  rate  not 
exceeding  100,000  acres  annually ^  In  these  various 
ways,  about  3,500,000  acres  have  been  disposed  of. 
The  amount  received  on  the  sales  of  crown  land  in 
the  lower  province,  from  1828  to  1837  inciusive,  was 
X33,853 ;  on  clergy  reservers,  JC50.425 ;  timber  du- 
ties, jC58,0d5.  In  the  upper  province  for  the  same 
period,  crown  lands,  ^33,853;  clergy  reserves, 
JB114,618 ;  timber  duties,  je58,085.  The  timber  is 
chiefly  red  and  white  pine  and  oak. 

Each  district  has  its  own  judges,  whose  jurisdiction 
(except  Gasp^)  is  independent  of  the  otheru,  and  only 
subject  to  the  court  of  appeal.  A  sheriff  is  also  ap- 
pointed  for  each  district,  and  grand  voyer,  or  general 
inspector  o.  the  roads.  These  appear  to  b^  the  only 
characteristics ;  but  as  respects  judicial  affairs,  Gospi^ 


CANADA. 


137 


is  dependent  on  Quebec  ;  and  the  roads  of  St  Francis 
are  surveyed  by  the  grand  voyers  of  Montreal  and 
Three  Rivers.  The  subdivisions  of  these  districts 
are  counties,  townships,  parishes,  and  extra.parochial 
places;  that  of  Montreal  has  19,  Quebec  13,  Three 
Rivers  ^^  St.  Francis  3,  and  Gaspo  2  counties,  re- 
spectively.  The  parishes  and  townships  are  merely 
divisions  for  such  local  ])urp()ses  as  the  repairs  of 
roads,  inspection  offences,  water-courses,  &.c  ;  each 
is  subdivided  into  sections  (not  exceeding  ten  ^  the 
parishes  vary  much  in  extent,  and  those  which  are 
Catholic,  also  serve  for  limits,  in  the  ecclesiastical 
jurisdiction  of  that  church  :  the  townships  usual-y  en- 
close a  square  of  10  miles.  There  are  in  all  175 
seignories,  33  fiefs,  and  160  townships.  The  cities 
of  Quebec  and  Montreal  were  incorporated  under 
temporary  acts,  which  have  been  allowed  to  expire 
without  renewal :  these  were  the  only  municipal  cor- 
porations in  the  province.  In  the  CalhoHc  parishes, 
churchwardens  are  appointed,  and  in  some  localities, 
*'  a  council  of  notables,"  to  manage  the  secular  affairs 
of  the  church,  and  what  are  called  the  funds  of  "the 
fahrique,**  under  old  French  ordinances,  so  doubtful 
and  contradictory,  as  to  cause  frequent  litigation. 
The  income  of  their  clergy  ia  derived  from  the  26th 
bushel  of  all  grain  grown  by  the  parishioners ;  this, 
however,  is  contingent  on  the  proprietor  being  a  Ca- 
thoHc.  When  an  estate  passes  into  Protestant  bands, 
thia  right  is  lost ;  and  hence  the  natural  aversion  of 
the  priests  to  any  Protestant  settlements  being  made 
within  their  seignories ;  nor  is  there  any  provision 
for  the  CaihoHc  clergy,  in  the  event  of  any  part  of  the 
French  population  settling  beyond  the  seignories, 
which,  no  doubt,  has  had  some  effect  in  confinmg  it 
within  their  Hmits.  There  are  44  clergymen,  and 
53  churchs  and  chapels,  finished  and  in  progress. 
There  is  also  a  Catholic  bishop  of  Quebec,  paid  by 
the  government  out  of  certain  pubUc  revenues,  and 
under  him  a  body  of  secular  clergy,  for  the  seignories 

12* 


1 


.    i  /  .' 


138 


CANADA. 


and  Bome  ftsmnJo  monastic  establishments.  The  Pro. 
testant  dissenters  have  places  of  worship,  and  minis, 
ters  in  various  parts  of  the  province. 

For  the  relief  of  mariners,  a  duty  of  a  penny  a  ton 
is  levied  on  every  vessel  arriving  from  any  port  out  of 
the  Hmits  of  the  province :  the  portion  received  at 
Quebec  goes  to  support  the  marine  hospitol  there, 
vhich  was  built  by  a  public  grant ;  that  received  at 
Montreal  goes  to  the  general  hospital  of  that  city: 
various  acts  have  also  passed  to  establish  depdts  for 
the  relief  of  shipwrecked  mariners.  There  are  four 
such  at  Anticosti,  one  near  Cape  Chut,  and  another 
at  Magdalene  river. 

The  governor  and  principal  officers  of  the  govern- 
ment are  appointed  by  the  crown,  and  hoUJ  their  ap. 
pointments  during  pleasure.  The  chief  of  these  are,  the 
assistant  civil  secretary,  provincial  secretary  and  reg- 
istrar, receiver-general,  inspector-general  of  accounts, 
&>c. ;  there  are  also  6  collectors  of  customs,  3  judges 
at  Quebec,  and  3  at  Montreal ;  with  numerous  other 
functionaries.  There  is  also  an  unpaid  magistracy, 
appointed  by  the  crown,  who  are  required  to  possess 
immovable  property,  beyond  all  liabilities,  of  at  least 
jC300  currency ;  and  commissioners  who  sit  in  the 
small  cause  courts,  which  are  held  weekly  in  the 
cities,  and  on  the  first  and  third  Saturday  of  each 
month  ill  the  rural  districts,  with  power  of  adjourn- 
ment. As  regards  the  superior  courts  of  justice,  the 
judges  pesiding  in  each  district  have  supreme  juris- 
diction. Trial  by  jury  was  introduced,  with  the  rest 
of  the  criminal  and  civil  law  of  England,  in  1 763 ; 
the  juries  were,  at  first,  exclusively  taken  from  the 
cities,  and  subsequently  (by  a  government  order)  were 
selected  by  the  sheriffs,  from  these,  and  from  (he  ad- 
jacent country,  for  15  leagues  around. 

The  external  trade  of  Canada  is  carried  on  through 
the  medium  of  the  ports  of  Quebec,  Montreal,  St. 
John's,  Coteau  du  Lac,  and  Stanfield.  Vtom  the  U. 
Kingdom,  Canada  imports  coals,  metals,  cordage, 


CANADA. 


]39 


East  India  produce,  and  various  kinds  of  British  man- 
ufactures; from  the  Britiuh  ^  st  India  colonies, 
eugar,  molasses,  rum,  cofTee,  and  hard.woods  ;  from 
the  United  States,  beef,  pork,  biscuit,  rice,  and  to- 
bacco. Owing  to  the  unjust  and  oppressive  prefer, 
ence  given  to  Canadian  timber  in  the  markets  of 
Great  Britain,  it  fcrms  by  far  the  principal  article  of 
export  from  the  colony.  The  next  article  is  corn, 
especially  ./heat,  which,  however,  is  supposed  to  be 
mainly  derived  from  the  United  States;  and  then 
foiiow  ashes,  furs,  fish,  &>c.  In  1834  the  total  value 
of  the  exports  from  Canada  amounted  to  jCI,01{),932. 
The  imports  cheifly  consist  of  cottons,  woolens,  silks, 
linens,  glass,  hardware,  coal,  &c.  Their  total  value 
in  1834  was  :C  1,063, 645.  The  total  revenue  derived 
from  taxes  in  1836  amounted  to  :C102,027. 

Canada  was  ceded  by  France  to  England  in 
1763:  it  had  previously  been  governed  by  French 
military  authority^  from  thence,  to  1774,  it  was 
under  the  rule  of  "^n  English  governor  and  councii, 
with  English  ^aw,  administered  in  the  English 
language  only.  From  1774  to  1791  it  was  gov- 
erned by  an  English  governor  and  a  legislatiyp 
council,  appointed  by  the  crown,  with  English  ctim- 
inal,  and  French  civil  law ;  and  from  1791  downward, 
by  the  constitution  sanctioned  by  the  British  Parlia. 
ment.  The  Quebec  Act  of  1774  introduced  a  ne^ 
and  liberal  policy.  In  order  to  conciliate  the  colonists, 
it  substituted  the  old  system  of  civil  law,  or  that  called 
the  Coutume  de  Paris^  for  the  civil  law  of  England, 
and  it  directed  the  use  of  the  French  language  to  be 
resumed  in  the  law  courts.  Notwithstanding  these 
concessions,  the  French  in  Canada  are  now  almost 
aa  much  a  distinct  people  as  in  1760.  The  Nation 
Canadienne  YiKB  no  sympathy,  and  but  little  commu- 
nication  with  Englishmen :  on  the  contrary,  a  broad 
line  of  demarcation  and  a  deep-rooted  antipathy  sub. 
sists  between  them.  To  this  hostile  feeling  on  the 
part  of  the  French  colonists,  may  be  foirly  ascribed  the 


'-'m 


140 


CANADA. 


in ' 


*■• 


outbreak  that  took  place  in  Canada,  and  the  ■nbse* 
qaent  suppression  of  the  constitution,  and  the  occupa- 
tion of  the  country  by  British  troops.    ^.,  .c«4x  j  :^?^  ^trww 

Distribution  of  Ground. — The  surveyed  portion 
of  West  Canada  comprises  17,653,544  acres,  in 
11  districts,  and  between  300  and  400  townships. 
.Wheat  and  tobacco  are  the  chief  exports.  Of  the 
surveyed  lands  450,000  acres  are  reserved  for  roads ; 
2,395,687  acres  are  clergy  reserves  ;  13,660,838  have 
been  granted  and  appropriated,  and  ihere  remain  for 
future  grants,  1,147,019  acres.  About.  l-48th  part 
of  the  area  is  considered  to  be  under  cultivation.  The 
modes  of  granting  have  been  the  same  as  those  in 
the  lower  province.  The  crown  and  clergy  reserves 
have  also  been  made  on  the  same  principle  as  those 
of  Canada  East ;  in  two  cases  the  government  has 
delegated  the  disposal  of  its  waste  lands  to  others; 
the  district  of  Talbot  (48,500  acres)  to  Col.  Talbot; 
and  the  crown  reserves  (1,384.413  acres)  and  a  block 
of  land  in  the  Huron  district,  (1,100,000  acres)  to  the 
**  Canada  Company ;"  about  l-30th  part  of  the  grant 
ed  land  is  under  cultivation. 

A  small  tax,  not  exceeding  \d,  in  the  pound,  is 
levied  both  on  cultivated  and  waste  lands ;  the  for- 
mer  being  valued  at  20ff.  the  acre,  the  latter  at  4«. 
The  whole  aniount  of  taxation  of  a  farm  of  100  acres, 
in  the  western  province,  is  about  18».  This  tax  be- 
gan to  be  levied  by  the  provincial  government  in  1820. 
If  8  years  are  in  arrear,  the  sheriff  is  authorised  to 
sell;  but  this  has  been  done  only  in  a  few  instances, 
wl^en  *he  owners  allowed  it  as  the  cheapest  and  easi. 
est  way  of  making  a  title  to  the  rest  of  their  land. 
The  number  of  churches  built,  or  in  progress,  con. 
nected  with  the  Church  of  England,  is  about  90;  the 
number  of  clergymen  73;  the  number  of  followers  are 
estimated  at  150,000,  by  the  Bishop  of  Montreal, 
within  whose  diocese  the  province  is  included,  and 
under  him  are  the  archdeacons  of  York  and  Kings- 
ton.    The  Presbyterians  of  the  Scotch  church,  the 


CANADA. 


Kl 


Catholrcs,  and  tho  Wqsleyans,  are  the  other  chief 
secte :  the  latter  arc  said  to  oat-number  any  of  the 
rest.  The  ministers  of  the  Churc^  of  Scotland  are 
sapported  partly  by  stipends  from  the  government, 
partly  by  their  respective  congregations;  the  Catho. 
line  have  a  bishop,  who  resides  at  Toronto,  and  who 
also  reeoives  an  annual  grant  from  the  government 
to  aid  in  the  muintenance  of  himself  and  priesthood ; 
the  ministers  of  the  other  sects  are  wholly  supported 
by  their  congregations.  By  the  Constitutional  Act 
of  1791,  reserves  of  land  were  set  apart  in  this,  as  in 
the  eastern  province,  for  the  maintenance  of  the 
"Protestant  clergy'*. 

History — Canada  is  paid  to  have  been  first  die. 
covered  by  Sebastian  Cabot,  in  1497 ;  if  so,  it  was 
comprised  with  the  rest  of  the  extensive  line  of  coast 
he  explored,  under  the  general  name  of  Newfound, 
land,  subsequently  Hmited  to  the  island  so  called. 
The  French  first  attempted  to  make  those  discoveries 
available,  and  are  said  to  have  framed  a  map  of  the 
gulf  so  early  as  1508.  In  1525  the  country  was 
taken  possession  of  in  the  name  of  the  king  of  France, 
and  in  1535  Cartier  explored  the  river,  naming  it  St. 
Lawrence,  from  having  entered  it  on  that  saint's  day. 
Quebec,  however,  the  ^rst  settlement,  was  not  found* 
ed  till  1608.  For  a  considerable  period  euboeque.  t  to 
this  the  colonists  appear  to  have  been  engaged  in  a 
series  of  sanguinary  conflicts  with  the  native  Indian 
tribes,  and  to  have  been  ofiten  on  the  brink  of  being 
extripated :  the  strife,  however,  ultimately  terminated 
in  a  friendly  c  )mpact,  which  converted  the  Indians 
into  available  auxiliaries  against  the  English.  Que- 
bec was  taken  by  the  Tlriiish  forces  under  General 
Wolf,  in  1759,  and  the  whole  territory  formally  ceded 
by  the  Treaty  of  Paris,  in  1763.  The  seignorial 
rights,  the  various  holdings  and  tenures  under  them, 
and  the  endowments  of  the  Catholic  church,  were 
left  undisturbed :  and  all  the  estates,  including  all 
thiB  unappropriated  lands  in  the  provincei  held  at  the 


'I 

m 


U7 


CANADA. 


period  by  the  French  king,  became  vested  in  the 
British  crown.  In  the  years  1812-13-14,  the  lakes, 
and  especially  the  shores  of  Niagara,  were  the  scene 
of  a  succession  of  severe  contests ;  and  the  militia 
on  either  side  being  engaged  in  them,  near  relatives 
were  found  often  contending  in  opposite  ranks,  so 
that  common  was  aggravated  to  civil  warOire ;  and  In. 
dians  also  were  employed,  and  increased  its  horrors. 
The  grievances  and  complaints  of  Canada  iirst 
obtained  the  attention  of  parliament  in  1828,  when  a 
select  committee  of  the  H,  of  C.  reported  on  them. 
The  legislative  assembly's  claims  were, — the  right  of 
ftppropriating  all  the  crown  revenues  as  they  pleased, 
and  also  all  those  accruing  from  parliamentary  and 
provincial  statutes,  and  the  settlement  o  ^d  alienation 
of  all  the  wild  lands  of  the  province  ;  but  the  most  im-t 
portant  pomt,  without  which  the  rest  would  bo  con, 
ceded  in  vain,  according  to  their  statement,  wps,  that 
the  legislative  cQuncil  should  be  elected  by  the  people, 
and  thus  assimilated  to  the  senate  of  the  United  States. 
Another  H.  of  Commons  report  led  to  the  nomination  of 
Lord  Gosford  (who  was  also  appointed  governor)  and 
two  other  commissioners,  and  flvo  reports  and  ap. 
pendixes,  published  in  1837,  are  the  only  result  of 
their  labors.  In  the  divisions  >vhiph  took  place  in 
the  House  of  Assembly,  the  British  party  divided  from) 
8  to  1 1  in  house  of  88  members.  The  grievances  of  the 
western  province  were  set  forth  in  the  report  of  a 
committee  of  their  House  of  Assembly,  who  adopted 
it,  and  laid  it  before  the  king.  The  extent  and  abuse  of 
the  crown  patronage;  the  virtual  irresponsibility  of 
the  executive;  the  mod«^  of  conducting  the  business 
of  the  provincial  post.ofBce ;  the  management  of  the 
Toronto  Collesre  ;  the  provision  made  for  the  ecclesi. 
astical  establishment,  and  for  the  maintenance  of 
certain  sects  only  (the  House  say  they  *•  recognise  no 
particular  denomination  as  established  in  Canada 
with  exclusive  claims,  powers,  or  privileges**;)  the 
partiality  shown  in  the  cl^oice  of  n\agi8irt^tes  i  th» 


Montreal 


14a 


absence  of  control  over  the  crown  revenues;  and  the 
failure  on  the  part  of  the  local,  to  cHrry  into.efTect  the 
recommendations  of  the  general,  government,  are  the 
most  prominent  ot  the  grievances  set  forth.  Subse- 
quent  to  this,  Sir  F  Heod  replaced  Sir  J.  Colborne 
as  governor,  in  1836  ;  and  during  his  government  the 
outbreak  under  Mackenzie  and  others  took  place; 
which  ultimately  led  to  the  suppression  of  the  con-i 
stitution,  end  the  union  of  the  two  provinces  under 
one  government. 


■  ••  ■  .  !■      ._:; 

MONTREAL. 

•*^*  A  town  and  river  port  of  British  America,  and  the 
second  city  and  chief  seat  of  the  commerce  of  East 
Canada  ;  on  the  S.  side  of  the  island  of  Montreal,  in 
the  St.  Lawrence,  150  miles  in  a  direct  line  S.  W.  of 
Quebec ;  lat.  45©  30'  W.,  long.  73°  25'  N.  Popula- 
tion,  with  its  suburbs,  in  1840,  27,297.  Its  site  is 
not  so  commanding  as  that  of  Quebec,  but  it  is  in 
every  other  respect  superior  to  that  city.  It  is  not  so 
crowded  ;  and  some  even  of  its  oldest  streets  are. of 
tolerable  breadth.  Montreal  is  divided  into  the  Up- 
per  and  the  Lower  Town ;  the  difference  in  their 
elevation  is  but  slight,  but  the  former  being  the  more 
modern  is  the  handsomer  division.  It  has  several 
suburbs,  including  which  it  stretches  along  thfe  rivet 
for  2  miles  from  N.  to  S.,  and  has  for  some  distance 
a  nearly  equal  breadth  inland.  The  batttemented 
wall  with  which  it  was  formerly  surrounded,  has  long 
fallen  into  decay,  and  it  is  no  v  entirely  open^  the 
wooded  heights  around  being  covered  with  villas  and 
plea'^ure  grounds.  In  the  Lower  Town,  Paul  street, 
the  chief  commercial  thoroiighfare,  extends  parallel 
with  the  river  the  whole  length  of  the  city ;  and  in  the 
Upper  Town  several  streets  proceed  in  the  same  di« 
rection,  communicating  with  Paul  street  by  cross 
streets.  In  the  Upper  town  and  suburbs,  which  ar« 
moBtly  inhabited  by  the  principal  merchants,  many  of 


f 


r,f 


m   .   -tin 


144 


movtrcal. 


the  housee  arc  handsomely  and  solidly  built  in  tlio 
modern  stylo ;  but  in  thw  Lower  town  they  are  prin. 
cipally  of  a  gloomy  looking  grey  stone,  with  dark  iron 
windoiir.shuUers  and  tinned  ruofs.  Along  the  btnk 
of  the  river  is  an  cxtonsivu  lino  of  quuyn  and  ware, 
houses.  Many  of  the  houses  in  the  suburbs  are  built 
of  wood,  but  there  are  no  wooden  buildings  within  tho 
space  once  encompassed  by  the  walls ;  and  this  city 
and  Quebec  ha^'e  moro  of  tho  aspect  of  old  European 
towns  than  anv  oiher  towns  in  America. 

The  most  remarkable  public  edifice  is  the  Roman 
Catholic  cathedral,  opened  in  1829,  and  superior  to 
any  other  church  in  British  America.  It  is  of  Gothic 
architecture,  255^  feet  in  length  by  134^  in  breadth. 
It  is  faced  with  stone,  and  roofed  with  tin,  and  has  6 
lowers,  of  which  the  three  belonging  to  the  main  front 
are  220  feet  in  height.  On  the  roof  is  a  promenade, 
76  feet  in  length  by  20  in  breadth,  elevater^  120  feet. 
Tha  principal  window  is  64  feet  in  height,  and  32  in 
breadth.  The  intisrior  is  capable  of  occommodating 
frofn  10,000  to  12,000  persons,  who  may  disperse  by 
numerous  outlets  in  5  or  6  minutes.  It  comprises  7 
chapels,  and  9  spacious  aisles.  There  are  several 
other  Roman  Catholic  churches,  mostly  belonging  to 
J  the  order  of  St.  Sulpice ;  to  the  members  of  which 
<  Montreal  chiefly  owed  its  foundation,  and  who  still 
hold  the  seignory  of  the  island  upon  which  it  stands. 

The  seminary  of  St.  Sulpice,  a  large  and  commo. 
diouB* building  adjoining  the  cathedral,  occupies  three 
Bides  of  an  oblong  area,  1 32  feet  in  length  by  29  deep, 
and  is  surrounded  by  sptcious  gardens.  A  hand- 
some additional  buildings  210  feet  by  45  feet,  has 
been  lately  erected,  at  an  expense  of  jC10,000«  In 
these  establishments,  students  in  most  of  the  higher 
branches  of  learning  are  taught  at  very  moderate 
charge..  The  principal  English  church  is  a  hand, 
some  building,  in  the  Grecian  style,  surmounted  by  a 
high  and  beautiful  spire.  It  has  also  a  Scotch  kirk, 
4»n  American  Protestant  church,  and  chapels  belong. 


mg 
Mo 

unt 

8ai( 

the 

iho 

thir 

sick 

Sistc 

in  fin 

r 

foi 


MONTREAL. 


145 


ing  to  iho  Methodists  and  Scotch  dissenters.  The 
Montreal  General  lloapital,  erected  in  1821-2  by  vol- 
iintory  subecriptioii,  a  lur^'o  and  >vell.built  edifice,  is 
said  to  be  one  of  the  best  regulated  insiitutions  of 
the  kind  in  America.  A  lar^e  conventual  structure, 
iho  Hotel  DieUy  occupied  by  a  superior,  matron  and 
thirty.six  nuns,  ia  appropriated  to  the  reception  of  the 
sick  and  indi^'cnt;  anil  the  convent  of  the  Grey 
Sisters  partly  serves  as  an  asylum  for  the  aged  and 
infirm,  the  insane,  foundlings,  &c.  «•     »  .t*,,v 

7'hc  ISccvrs  Noires,  have  an  extensive  convent, 
foici,'  in  1G50;  iis  inmates  consist  of  a  superior 
ai  ■   *'iii  '5""',H,  whose  duties  are  directed  to  the  edu- 
cation oi'  vf.ung  girls.     The  court-house  and  prison 
ore  substantial  buildings,  occupying  ilio  site  of  the 
former  college  of  the  Jesuits.    The  government  house, 
bank,  barracks,  ordnance  ofTice,  and  4  markot-houses 
are  among  the  remaining  principal  buildings.    In  one 
of  the  squares  is  a  colossal  statue  of  Nelson,  placed 
on  a  Doric  column,  the  pedestal  of  which  has  bas- 
reliefs  representing  his  principal  actions.     Besides 
the  educational  establishments  noticed  above,  Mon-. 
troal  has  a  college,  with  a  principal  and  4  professors,  a 
royal  grammar  school,  parochiol,  union,  national,  Sun- 
day, and  other  public  schools ;  and  many  good  private 
French  and  English  seminaries.      The  university  of 
M*Gill  college,  endowed  by  a  citizen  of  Montreal,  in 
1814,  with  a  valuable  estate,  and  c£10,000  in  money, 
was  chartered  in  1821,  and  is  conducted  on  a  Hberal 
and  enlarged  scale.    Montreal  has  a  penitentiary,  a 
house  of  industry,  a  savings  bank,  a  natural  history  so. 
ciety,  a  mechanics*  institution,  a  central  auxiliary  soci- 
ety for  promoting  education  and  industry,  bible  and 
tract,  agricultural  and  horticultural  societies,  several 
public  libraries,  an  excellent  news-room,  &c.   Several 
newspapers  and  other  periodical  publications  issue 
from  the  presses  of  the  town.   The  position  of  Montreal 
at  the  head  of  the  ship  navigation  of  the  St.  Lawrence^ 
and  near  tbe  confluence  of  that  nver  with  the  Ottawa* 

X9 


I 


i 


f  :.,. 


Mm 


ue 


MONTREAL. 


^  as  well  as  its  situation  with  respect  to  tho  United  States, 
necessarily  make  it  one  of  the  neatest  emporiums  of 
America. 

The  harbor,  though  not  large,  is  secure,  and  vessels 
drawing  15  feet  water  may  lie  close  to  the  «hore.  Its 
general  depth  of  water  is  from  3  to  4J^  fathoms.  Its 
chief  disadvantage  consists  in  the  rapid  of  St.  Mary*a 
about  1  mile  below,  which  vessels  often  find  it  diffi- 
cult to  stem.  To  obviate  the  obstructions  in  the  nav- 
igation above  Montreal,  the  La  Chine  canal,  9  miles 
long,  20  feet  wide,  and  5  feet  in  depth,  was  un  dertaken 
in  1821,  and  completed  at  an  expense  of  :B130,000. 
The  communication  with  the  opposite  sides  of  the 
river  is  carried  on  by  several  sfeam  and  other  vessels ; 
and  during  the  summer,  a  regular  steamboat  commu- 
nication is  kept  up  with  Quebec.  At  this  season, 
vast  rafts  of  timber  come  down,  and  pass  the  city  for 
Quebec ;  and  scows,  bateaux  of  about  6  tons,  and 
Durham  boats,  bring  to  Montreal  the  produce  of  the 
Upper  Country.  Neither  is  the  trade  of  Montreal  sus- 
pended in  winter,  like  that  of  Quebec.  Thousands 
of  sledges  may  then  be  seen  coming  in  from  all  di- 
recMoris  with  agricultural  produce,  frozea  carcasses 
of  beef  and  pork,  firewood  and  other  articles.  Mon- 
treal is  the  centre  of  the  commerce  between  Canada 
and  the  United  Str.tes,  carried  on  by  Lake  Champlain 
and  the  Hudson  ;  and  not  only  is  it  the  dcp6j.  of  all 
the  adjacent  country,  but  most-of  the  business  done 
in  Qjiebec  is  carried  on  by  branches  from  the  Mon- 
treal houses.  In  1838,  98  ships,  of  the  aggregate 
burden  of  22,289  tons,  entered,  and  99  ships,  burden 
21,901  tons,  left  the  port.  Formerly  this  city  was  the 
head  quarters  of  the  far  trade,  but  its  interest  in  it 
has  greatly  decHned.  It  has,  however,  oast-iror*  foun- 
dries, distilleries,  breweries,  coap,  candle  and  tobacco 
manufactories,  several  ship  building  establishments, 
and  machinery  for  steam-engines.  Various  articles 
of  hardware,  Imseed  oil,  floor-cloth,  &c.,  are  made  in 
the  town.  Th«  markets  are  abundantly  supplied  with 


\ 


( 


HONT&UAL. 


14? 


pood  bfulchers*  meat,  fish,  poultry,  f-uit,  regvlahlee, 
&c.  About  ihree-fourths  of  the  population  are  of 
French  descent;  the  remainder,  consisting  principal, 
ly  of  emigrants  from  the  TJnited  Kingdom,  Americans, 
and  Iroquois  Indians.  Montreal,  originally  called 
Villeniarie,  was  taken  from  the  French,  in  1760. 
-  The  environs  of  Montreal  also  present  many  objects 
worthy  a  stranger's  attention:  as  the  *•  Mountain,"  La 
Chine  Canal,  and  the  Rapids,  which  it  is  designed  to 
overcome:  those  of  the  Cedres,  &c, ;  indeed  the 
ntire  island  is  replete  with  interesting  objects,  an  in- 
spection  of  which  will  amply  repay  the  time  devoted 
to  it ;  and,  more  remote,  are  the  celebrated  Caledo- 
nia Springs^  which,  though  known  and  resorted  to 
by  the  Indians  of  the  neighborhood  for  many  years 
past,  have  but  lately  received  that  attention  from  the 
public;  which  their  medicinal  and  healing  qualities  de. 
mand.  They  are  situati^d  about  70  miles  nearly  due 
west  from  Montreal,  at  the  head  of  a  small  affluent  of 
the  Ottawa,  in  Caledonia  township,  where  a  town  has 
been  laid  off,  and  buildings  erected  for  the  accom- 
modation of  visiters.  The  chief  of  these  springs  are 
designated  as  the  "white  sulphur^**  "saline"  and 
**ga8"  springs,  respectively.  The  latter  emits  an  in- 
flammable gu5,  probably  carburetted  hydrogen,  which 
answers  the  purpose  of  lighting  some  of  the  buildings. 
The  route  commonly  taken  from  Montreal  to  the 
springs,  is  by  the  villages  of  St.  Eu8tache«  Point  Foi- 
tune,  Hawkesbury,  L'Original,  &c.  A  water  route, 
which  increases  the  distance  somewhat,  is  afforded 
by  the  Ottawa,  which  conducts  to  L'Original,  whence 
passengers  are  conveyed  in  otages,  a  distance  of  8 
miles,  to  the  springs. 


■0  ',;: 


m 


id; 


ill 


i..- 


.  }i. 


Route  from  Montreal  to  Quebec^  hy  steamboat*  ' 

On  leaving  Montreal,  the  first  village  that  presents 
itself  ie  Boucherville,  nearly  opposite  the  lower  suburb 
of  Montreal ;  which,  like  most  of  the  Tillages  that  line 


V-v,Cr- 


'J^'iT^'^"' ' 


'.jy^ti-,  • 


■fiii 


•••■ 


148 


ROUTE   Tfi6vt 


t 


mi 


iM^: 


the  shores  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  presents  a  remarks 
Itbly  neat  appearance.  Indeed  the  entire  bank  is 
occupied  by  a  continued  succession  of  villages,  with 
their  churches  and  tin  covered  houses,  or  cottages, 
which  add  life  and  animation  to  the  natural  scenery, 
which  is  beautiful  to  a  high  degree.  The  rapids  of 
St.  Mary*s,  about  2  miles  below  the  city,  serve  to  in- 
Cirea^e  the  speed  of  the  steamer,  which  soon  reaches 
Varenn68. — A  beautiful  village,  nearly  opposite 
ihe  north  point  of  Montreal  island.  Ten  miles  farther 
on  is  St.  SulpicCf  then  Valtrie^  bo.h  on  the  left. 
After  proceeding  some  5  or  6  miles,  the  pretty  littl«( 
town  of  Noraye  com«<8  in  view;  it  is  on  the  left  ban!: 
6f  the  St.  Lawrence,  which  is  here  broken  by  several 
small  islands,  nearly  opposite  to  whi<rh  is  Williarrt 
H^ry^  a  small  fortress  situated  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Richlieu,  the  outlet  of  lake  Ghamplain,  with  the 
St.  Lawrence.  Immediately  on  leaving  William 
Henry,  Lake  St  Peter  is  entered  through  a  perfect 
labyrinth  of  islands.  It  is  an  expansion  of  the  SU 
Lawrence,  about  10  miles  in  width,  and  20  in  length. 
The  rivers  St,  Francis  and  Yamasca  enter  it  fromi 
the  southeast.  At  the  mouth  of  the  latter  is  the  neat 
village  of  Yamasca;  then  follow  those  of  Baii,  St, 
Isabellet  and  Gregoire^  all  on  th^  right  ba  of  the^ 
lake;  which,  at  the  latter  village,  contracts  to  tht  width 
of  one  mile.  Point  da  LaCy  another  pretty  village,  is 
situated  at  the  "pohy  wliere  the  St.  Lawrence  emerge? 
from  the  lake,  and  trom  which  is  seen  ^o  ancient 
towTi  of  3f%rffc  EiverSf  the  half-way  station  between^ 
Montreal  and  Quebec.  This  town,  which  is  third  in 
point  of  size  in  Canada,  is  situated  on  the  north  bankr 
of  the  St.  Lawrence,  where  it  is  joined  by  the  St. 
Maurice.  It  derives  its  name  from  two  small  islands 
at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Maurice,  which  divides  it  into^ 
three  channels ;  but  the  town  is  on  the  west  bank  of 
that  river.  The  situation  is  pleasant,  though  the  town 
itself,  which  is  one  of  the  oldest  in  Canada,  is  less 
attractive.    It  contains  about  450  dwelling  housesr, 


klONTREAL   TO    qOEBKC. 


m 


mc'Stly  buHt  of  wood  ;  a  handsome  court-house,  a  jailt 
a  Caiholic  and  a  Protestant  church,  an  Ursuline 
convent,  founded  in  1677,  and  some  other  public  edi- 
fices. Here  the  courts  of  justice  for  the  district  are 
held  ;  and  here,  at  one  period,  a  great  share  of  the  fur 
trade  ccnteted  ;  but  its  general  trade  has  been  mostly 
absorbed  by  Quebec  and  Montreal.  Three  Rivers 
was  once  the  capital  of  Canada,  tls  populatioli  ii 
about  4,000,  mostly  descendants  of  French,  and  thd 
names  of  its  streets  arc  nearly  ail  derived  fromthosd 
of  Paris,  It  is  SB  miles  from  Montreal,  and  84  from 
Quebec.  Ten  miles  below  Three  Rivers,  on  the  left, 
is  the  village  of  Champlairif  and  4  miles  beyond  id 
that  of  Batiscon.  St.  Pierre  next  presents  itself  oii 
the  right,  and  then  St.  Anne  oii  the  lieft ;  these  ar*i 
succeeded  by  Xxrondines  on  the  left,  Lbtbinief^  on  the 
right  and  Dechambault  on  the  north  bank ;  all  re- 
markably  neat  little  hamlets  united  together  by  a 
string  of  white  cottages,  equa  -  neat  in  their  appear- 
ance. About  7  miles  below  tlio  latter,  situated  on  th© 
south  bank  of  the  river  is  St.  Croix,  and  immediately 
opposite,  is  the  village  of  Cape  Sante;  thence  to  St, 
Augustine  on  the  left  and  St.  Nicolas  on  the  right  is 
about  18  miles.  The  new  Uwxx  oi'  Liverpool  is  next 
rca'li  d,from  which  Quebec  is  in  full  view.  The  fact 
of  the  near  approach  to  a  large  city,  is  made  abun. 
dantly  evident  by  the  improved  appearance  of  the 
cottages  and  seats  which  line  both  banks  of  theriveri 
inc  easing  in  number  as  the  city  is  approached,  t   ., 


QUEBEC. 


The  city  of  Quebec  is  situated  on  the  left  or  north- 
west bank  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  at  the  point  where 
it  is  intersected  by  the  St.  Charles,  about  350  miles 
from  the  mouth  of  the  former  By  a  late  census  it 
was  found  to  contain  37,562  inttabitants,  but  its  po. 
pulation  may  be  estimated  at  30,000.    The  city  oc- 

13« 


.'111 


ii '  ji 


ii 


^ 


^m^mmmfmat^ 


v^  ■^. 


150 


qUEBEC. 


k>  •'.^•.,,-M.       ■■■■.   i.  . 


cupiea  the  extremity  of  a  ridge,  terminating  in  the 
angle  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  two  rivers,  in  the 
point  called  Cape  Diamond,  rising  to  the  height  of 
nearly  340  feet  above  the  St.  Lawrence.  The  cape 
is  surmounted  by  ihc  citadel ;  and  the  town  extends 
from  it,  principally  in  a  N.  E.  direction,  down  to  the 
water's  edge.  It  is  divided,  from  the  difference  of 
elevation,  into  the  Upper  and  Lower  towns.  The 
old  town,  which  lies  wholly  without  the  walls,  partly 
at  the  foot  of  Cape  Diamond  and  round  to  the  St. 
Charles,  has  narrow  and  dirty,  and,  in  parts,  steep 
streets.  The  ascent  from  the  Lower  to  the  Upper 
town,  which  crosses  the  line  of  the  fortifications,  is  by 
a  winding  street,  and  by  flights  of  steps.  The  streets 
in  the  latter,  though  rather  narrov/,  are  generally 
clean,  and  tolerably  well  paved,  or  macadamised. 
Both  towns  are  wholly  built  of  ston-"  and  the  public 
buildings,  and  most  of  the  houses  in  ihe  Upper  town, 
are  roofed  with  tin  plates,  the  glitter  of  which,  in  the 
sun,  has  a  brilliant  and  striking  effect,  but  is  destruc- 
tive of  every  thing  that  Europeans  have  been  accus. 
tomed  to  call  grand  and  venerable.  In  the  Lower 
town  the  houses  are  mostly  covered  with  shingle*. 


PUBLIC   BUILDINGS,  &C. 

Quebec  Exchange ^  situated  at  the  east  end  of 
St.  Paul  street,  is  a  fine  stone  structure,  having  a  read- 
ing room  50  by  30  feet  in  the  second,  and  a  public 
library  in  the  third  stories.  The  Quebec  Board  of 
Trade  have  apartments  on  the  same  floor  with  the 
library.  Several  capacious  warehouses  have  lately 
been  erected. 

Trinity  Houses  near  the  Exchange,  is  occupied 
by  an  inoorporated  body,  who  ic  charged  with  the 
•upervip'  /Q  and  regulation  of  liie  pilots  who  navigate 
the  river. 


1-    '.,  ,• 


■.   'M.O      ■.. 


qUEBEC. 


151 


\p\ed 

the 

[gate 


Custom  House,  is  a  neat  stone  edifice,  well  adapt, 
ed  to  the  purposes  to  which  it  is  devoted.  Adjoining 
the  Custom  House  is  the 

King^s  Wharf,  used  as  a  place  of  landing  and  em- 
barkation of  the  troops,  &c.  The  immense  ware- 
house of  the  commissary  stands  near  the  wharf. 
'  Hotel  Dieu,  one  of  the  most  extensive  buildings 
ill  Canada,  is  situated  between  Hope  and  Palace 
gates.  It  is  390  feet  in  length,  51  in  width,  and  3 
stories  high,  with  a  wing  on  the  N.  W.  side  2  stories 
high  and  150  feet  long.  There  are  several  fine  pic- 
tures here,  chiefly  by  French  artists.  The  Hdtel  Dieu 
is  a  most  valuable  hospital.  The  nuns  here  not  only 
act  as  nurse?  to  the  sick  who  are  admitted  into  the 
establishment,  but  also  as  teachers  of  young  females. 

Ursuline  Convent,  is  an  appropriate  structure,  114 
b"  40  feet,  and  two  stories  high,  with  extensive  ot. 
namented  grounds,  inclosed  within  a  stone  wall :  the 
chapel,  which  is  adorned  by  several  valuable  pictures, 
is  95  by  45  feet,  of  plain  exterior,  but  s  jme  of  its  in- 
terior decorations  are  splendid.  The  remains  of  Mont- 
calm, who  was  killed  at  the  attack  of  Quebec,  in  1759, 
by  General  Wolfe,  were  interred  near  the  chapel. 

Quebec  Seminary,  on  Market  square,  is  a  three 
story  building,  210  feet  in  length  and  42  feet  in  depth, 
with  rear  projections  168  feet  long.  The  hall,  or 
chapel,  is  decorated  by  Ionic  columns.  The  bishop 
of  the  diocese  and  his  assistants  reside  here.  The 
library  consists  of  nearly  10,000  volumes,  and  the  cab- 
inet embraces  a  fine  series  of  mineralogical  speci- 
mens, fossils,  &c.,  to  which  a  choice  collection  of 
paintings  has  been  added. 

Castle  of  St  Louis,  the  government  palace  of  former 
times :  of  this  once  immense  structure,  nothing  is  now 
to  be  seen  but  its  blackened  and  naked  walls.  It  was 
destroyed  by  fire  in  1834 

Government  offices,  occupy  an  extensive  building 
on  Firont  street,  m  which  also  is  the  museum  of  the 
Canadian  Society  of  Arts. 


i 

1^ 


■iki 


t; 


■i      -i 


159 


qUKfiEC. 


Monument  to  Wolfe  and  Montcalm,  wi  De«  C«r- 
rieres  street.  Jesuit's  Barracks,  a  quadrangular  build, 
ing  of  stone,  formerly  occupied  by  the  Jesuits  as  a 
college,  is  situated  on  the  Market  place,  opposite  the 
French  cathedral. 

Parliament  House,  is  a  fine  three  story  structure 
of  wrought  stone,  consisting  of  »  main  building,  with 
two  wings.  Its  massive  front  is  embellished  by  four 
Ionic  colums,  with  a  pediment.  The  Colonial  As- 
sembly met  here  until  1841,  when  the  constitution  of 
the  province  was  abrogated. 

Court  House,  a  plain  building  of  gray-stone,  135 
by  46  feet,  is  situated  at  the  corner  of  St.  Louis  street 
and  the  Place  d*Armes.  The  building,  which  is  sur- 
rounded by  an  iron  railing,  is  occupied  by  the  vari- 
ous courts,  officers  of  the  police,  sheriff,  &c. 

Masonic  Hall,  opposite  the  post-office. 

Marine  Ho8pitil,a.  beautiful  Ionic  structure,  four 
stories  high  and  206  feet  long,  is  situated  on  the  bank 
of  Charles  river.  Its  grounds  are  extensive  and 
beautifully  ornamented. 

Among  the  places  of  worship,  the  following  de- 
serve notice :  the  French  Roman  Catholic  Cathe- 
dral, east  of  the  Market  place,  a  neat  building  216 
by  108  feet,  with  a  spire ;  Catholic  Church  of  the 
Congregation^  near  the  western  termination  of  the 
esplanade;  Notre  Dame  des  VicioireSf  erected  in 
1690,  on  the  Market  place;  English  Cathedral^  134 
by  73  feet,  with  a  chime  of  8  bells ;  Holy  Trinity, 
in  Stanislaus  street ;  St.  Matthews,  a  free  church ; 
StPauVs;  St.  Patrick's,  St.  Helen  street;  Scotch 
Church,  in  St.  Anne  street;  St.  John*s,  in  St.  Fran- 
cis street;  Methodist  Church,  St.  Anne  street,  and 
another  in  Champlain  street. 

The  Citadel,  over  Cape  Diamond,  includes  an  area 
of  about  40  acres ;  and  is  formidable  alike  from  its 
position  and  the  extent  of  its  works,  constructed  on  a 
gigantic  scale,  and  on  the  most  approved  principles. 
The  Citadel  contains  the  armory,  magazioe,  storehouse 


t  « 


<ttJE^Ed. 


153 


and  barracks  for  the  officers.  The  h'ne  of  the  forti- 
fications, which  stretches  nearly  across  the  peninsula 
on  the  west,  and  runs  along  a  ridge  between  the  Up- 
per and  Lower  towns,  is  intersected  by  five  gates, 
and  has  an  inner  circuit  of  about  two  and  a  half  miles. 
On  the  west,  beyond  the  ramparts,  which  are  25  or 
do  feet  in  height,  are  the  extensive  suburbs  of  St. 
Roche,  St.  Louis  and  St.  John.  Military  parades 
take  place  daily  on  the  great  plain  within  the  ram. 
partd. 

JDalhof'sie  Gate^  is  the  principal  entrance  to  the 
citadel,  which  is  200  feet  above  the  site  of  the  Upper 
town,  and  is  approached  by  a  winding  road  up  the 
glacis  from  St.  Louis  gate,  which  is  defended  by  out. 
works  of  great  strength.  The  main  guard.rooms  are 
immediately  within  the  Dalhousie  gate.  From  the 
bastion,  which  affords  a  splendid  view  of  the  city  and 
its  environs,  cannon  point  in  every  directipn. 
:*,  Palace  Gate^  which  is  near  tho  barracks,  with  a 
^uard.house  adjoining,  is  a  fine  specimen  of  archi- 
tecture. 

Hope  Gate  conducts  to  the  ascent  of  Cape  Dia- 
mond on  the  east,  on  which  point  is  the  great  battery 
t)f  32  pounders,  which  c  *mmands  the  basin  and  har- 
bor. This  point  is  upwards  of  300  feet  above  the  St. 
Lawrence. 

Preacott  GaU^  on  Mountain  street,  is  tho  barrier 
between  the  tipper  and  Lotver  towns.  It  is  connected 
ivith  the  castle  of  St.  Louis.  ■    - -;v  :t  ti 

':-  St.  Louis''  Gate  opens  the  way  to  the  Plains  of 
Abraham,  which  are  reached  by  a  beautiful  avenue, 
well  lined  with  fine  buildings. 

St.  John's  Gate  leads  to  the  suburb  of  St.  John. 

Public  Promenade^  on  the  summit  of  the  ramparts 
of  Cape  Diamond,  is  a  wide  covered  way,  which  af- 
fords a  magnificent  view  in  all  directions. 

Governor's  Gardens^  south-west  of  the  ruins  of  St. 
Louis,  occupy  a  field  540  by  210  feet,  which  is  de* 
fended  by  a  small  battery* 


ii  i 


-"ii 


ii 


1; 


i\- 


154 


QUEKIC. 


Among:  the  establishments  for  educational  purpo. 
fies,  the  Brst  place  is  due  to  the  French  college.  It 
has  a  principal,  and  professors  of  theology,  rhetoric, 
^  and  mathematics,  with  5  regents  for  the  Latin  and 
Greek  classes.  Here  is,  also,  a  royal  grammar 
school,  a  classical  academy,  a  national  school,  and 
many  French  and  English  private  schools.  A  royal 
institution  for  the  advancement  of  learning  within 
the  province,  and  a  literary  and  historical  society, 
respectively  er.Joy  the  patronage  of  the  government 
and  of  the  principal  inhabitants.  A  mechanics'  in. 
stitute  was  established  in  1630 ;  and  it  has  numerous 
benevolent  associations.  The  city  public  library, 
though  not  very  extensive,  is  said  to  be  well  selected, 
and  to  contain  a  great  variety  of  standard  works. 
The  garrison,  also,  has  a  good  library.  Several 
newspapers  are  published  in  the  city. 

Though jiot  a  manufdcturing  town,  Quebec  has 
varioua  distilleries,  bicweries,  with  tobacco,  soap, 
and  candle  works  ;  and  numbers  of  fine  ships  have 
-■  been  launched  from  its  yards.  It  has  two  or  three 
banks  and  a  savings  bank.  The  markets  are  well 
stocked  with  most  sorts  of  produce,  except  good  fish, 
;    which  is  rather  scarce  and  dear. 

The  climate,  though  on  the  whole  good  and  healthy, 
«,  is  in  extremes.  In  summer  the  heat  is  equal  to  that 
"^  of  Naples,  while  the  cold  of  winter  is  not  inferior  to 
that  of  Moscow.  This  inequahty  occasions  a  corres. 
ponding  difference  in  the  modes  of  life  during  the  dif- 
ferent seasons  of  the  year.  In  winter  traveUing  is 
carried  on  by  means  of  sledges  and  carrioles,  in  the 
same  way  as  in  Russia.  The  first  view  of  Quebec, 
in  sailing  up  the  St.  Lawrence,  is  striking  in  the  ex- 
treme ;  and  travellers  speak  in  high  terms  of  the  mag- 
nificent prospect  frum  the  citadel  on  Cape  Diamond. 

The  majority  of  the  population  being  of  French  ex- 
traction, the  French  language,  which  in  still  spoken 
in  some  of  the  bes^t  circles  with  great  propriety,  and 
tk%  Roman  Gathohc  religioHf  predominate.    Societjr 


QOEBEC. 


155 


is  here  more  polished  and  refined  than  in  any  other 
towki  of  British  America;  and  the  higher  provincial 
gentry  of  French  descent  are  distinguished  by  the 
courtcoiisncss  and  urbanity  of  their  manner. 

Vessels  of  the  very  largest  burden  arrive  at  Que- 
bec. Its  harbor  or  basin,  between  the  city  and  the 
island  of  New  Orleans,  is  of  great  extent,  having, 
in  general,  about  28  fathoms  water,  the  tide  rising 
from  16  to  18  feet  at  neaps,  and  from  25  to  30  feet 
at  springs.  Ships  lie  alongside  the  wharfs  along  the 
St.  iiawrence.  There  are  extensive  flats  between 
the  lower  town  and  the  St.  Charles,  where,  if  it  were 
deemed  of  importance,  wet  docks  might  be  easily 
constructed.  •>  -,>r 

The  trade  of  the  city  is  very  extensive.  It  en- 
grosses almost  the  entire  trade  of  the  province  with 
the  mother  country.  West  Indies,  &c.;  and  is  annu- 
ally  resorted  to  by  vast  numbers  of  immigrants,  who 
partly  settle  in  Canada,  but  who  mostly  re-emigrate 
to  the  United  States.  It  has  a  regular  intercourse, 
by  means  of  steamers,  with  Montreal,  and  other 
ports  higher  up  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  with  Hahfax, 
and  other  ports  on  the  Atlantic. 

Quebec  was  taken  from  the  French  in  1759.  A 
British  army,  under  General  Wolfe,  having  effected 
a  landing  near^the  city,  attacked  and  defeated  the 
French  army,  under  Montcalm,  on  the  heights  of 
Abraham,  to  the  W.  of  the  town.  Wolfe  fell  in  the 
moment  of  victory;  and  Montcalm,  who  wiis  also 
mortally  wounded  in  the  action,  expired  soon  after. 

The  French,  panic-ccruck  by  the  loss  of  the  battle 
and  the  death  of  their  commander-in-chief,  surren- 
dered  the  city  before  even  a  single  battery  had  been 
opened  against  it.  A  monument  was  erected,  under 
the  patronage  of  Lord  Dalhousie,  in  the  gardens  of 
the  chateau,  inscribed  to  the  "  Immortal  memory  of 
V^olfe  and  Montcalm." 


\% 


! 

I. 


Ml' 


156 


%i 


ROUTE    FROM  >     . 

ENVIRONS  OF  QUEBEC. 


Falls  of  Mo  nt  more  net  c,  a  boautiTul  cataract  of 
Montmorencio  river,  which  falls  into  the  St.  Law. 
rence,  9  miles  below  Quebec.  The  perpendicular 
pitch  is  24G  feef  ;  and  being  in  full  view  from  the  St. 
Lawrence,  afloida  one  of  the  most  magnificent 
scenes  in  Canada. 

Island  of  Orleans^  an  island  of  the  St.  Xiaw. 
rence,  commences  near  the  outlet  of  Monimorencie, 
and  extends  about  20  miles  in  a  N.  E.  direction.  It 
is  well  cultivated,  and  produces  immense  quantities 
of  garden  vegetables  for  the  supply  of  the  Quebec 
markets.  The  principal  villages  on  the  island  arc, 
SL  Pierre^  St.  Laurent^  St.  Jean,  St.  Famille,  and 
St.  Ftangois.  -^ 

Beaufort,  a  neat  village,  which  commences 
about  5  miles  N.  E.  from  Quebec,  and  extends,  in 
one  continued  street,  to  the  Falls  of  Montmorencie. 

Charlesbourg,  six  miles  N.  W.,  and  New  Lorettt 
and  Sonbrouze,  about  10  miles  west  from  Quebec, 
are  neat  villages,  each  having  a  church.  Old  Lo. 
rette  and  St.  Foi,  the  former  8  and  the  latter  6  miles 
S.  W.  from  the  city,  are  also  pretty  little  towns. 

Chaudierre  Falls,  about  10  miles  from  Quebec, 
are  in  the  Chaudierre  river,  which  enters  the  south 
side  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  6  miles  above  the  city. 

The  falls,  which  descend  130  feet,  are  four  miles 
from  the  mouth  of  the  river. 

In  descending  the  St.  Lawrence  f'"-m  Quebec,  the 
first  object  which  attracts  attention  is  Poirtt  Levy, 
surmounted  by  the  little  village  of  St.  Joseph.  Ten 
miles  below  are,  St.  Laurent,  on  the  north,  and 
Beaumont,  on  the  south  bank.  These  are  succeeded 
by  St.  Michel,  St.  Vallier,  and  Berihier,  (25  miles 
from  Quebec,)  all  on  the  south  side  of  the  river ; 
which,  at  the  latter  place,  is  nearly  10  miles  in  width. 
Cape  Tourment,  10  miles  below  the  island  of  Or- 
leans, is  an  elevated  bluffi  1,800  feet  in  height. 


:  ■  f 


MOriTREAL  TO  KtNGSTOrr. 


157 


Houte  from  Montreal  to  Kingatont  and  thenee  to 

Niagara,  by  Bt<,amboat,  ^c» 

La  Chine, 8 

Cascades,  IG    24 

Cadres, 7     31 

Cotcau  du  Lac, 7     38 

Lake  St.  Francis, 4    42 

,      St.  Regis 22     64 

*      Cornwall,  6     70 

Long  Saute  Island,  10    80 

Chrysler's  Field, 17    97 

Hamilton,  1     98 

Frescott 18  116   . 

;      Brockville, 14  130 

Kingston, 48  178 

Oswego, 58  236    , 

Coburg, 74  310    , 

Port  Hope, 36  346       , 

Toronto, 66  412   j.' 

Niagara  Village, 30  442      \ 

Queenston, 7  419 

Falls  of  Niagara 6  455 

Zm  Chine,  a  town  of  Montreal  island,  and  one 
of  the  principal  seats  of  the  fur  trade,  situated  near 
the  S.  E.  point  of  the  island,  at  the  commencement 
of  the  canal  around  the  La  Chine  rapids. 

Cascades,  a  part  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  which 
being  greatly  reduced  in  breadth  by  the  intervention 
of  an  island  and  a  point  that  bear  this  name,  presents  a 
most  tumultuous  appearance.  The  dangers  of  this 
pass  are  avoided  by  a  small  canal  which  has  been 
cut  across  the  point  leading  into  lake  St.  Louis. 

Cedres,  a  small  village  of  Vaudreuil,  on  the  St, 
Lawrence,  opposite  the  rapids  of  *'  Les  Cedres.'* 

Coteau  du  Lae,  rapids  of  the  St.  Lawrence, 
which  are  overcome  by  a  series  of  locks.  The  vil- 
lage of  Coteau  du  Lac  is  on  the  north  bank  of  the 
river,  near  the  rapids.  


I 


itif 


in 


^i^ 


158 


ROUTE   FROtt 


I^aJce  St,  Franci»,  an  expansion  of  tlie  St.  LaW< 
roncc,  ohuut  30  miles  in  length,  with  a  mean  width 
of 4  miles.  At  the  head  oftho  Inko  is'St.  JRegia^  an  In« 
dian  villnge,  situated  on  the  St  Lawrence,  just  above 
the  boundary  hnc  between  New  York  and  Canada. 

Cornwall  a  villope  of  Stermonf,  Canada  West, 
situated  on  the  north  bank  of  the  St.  Lawrence. 

Lovg  Saut  Island^  in  the  St.  Lawrence. 

Chryaler^s  Field. — Here  the  Americans  were  de- 
feated by  a  British  force,  under  Col.  Pearson,  Nov. 
11,  1813. 

Hamilton^  a  village  of  St.  Lawrence  county. 
New  York. 

Preacott,  a  village  of  Greenville,  Canada  West, 
situated  nearly  opposite  Ogdensburg. 

JJrockville,  a  flourishing  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tico  for  Jjceds  county,  Canada  West. 

Kingston,  a  largo  and  important  town  of  west, 
em  Canada,  which  occupies  thi^  site  of  old  fort  Fron. 
(enac,  at  the  outlet  of  lake  Ontario,  opposite  Grand 
ii^land.  It  was  laid  out  in  1784,  and  is  now  the  most 
fupulous  in  the  province,  having  about  3,0(^0  inhab. 
itants.  Its  situation,  as  an  entrep6t  between  Canada 
and  the  United  States,  is  \cry  advantageous.  The 
harbor  is  excellent,  and  admits  vessels  of  the  largest 
rize.  Its  pubiie  buildings  are,  4  churches,  a  court 
house,  jail,  hospital,  and  some  others.  The  Rideau 
canal,  the  most  extensive  and  costly  work  in  British 
America,  commr  ices  here,  and  extends  in  a  general 
N.  E.  direction  to  Bytown,  on  the  Ottawa,  a  distance 
<vfl29i  miles. 

Oswego,  an  incorporated  village  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice  of  Oswego  county,  situated  on  lake  Ontario,  at 
the  niOuth  of  Oswego  river.  Bolides  the  court  house 
and  other  county  buildings,  there  are,  7  churches,  a 
custom  house,  2  banks,  an  academy,  and  about  600 
other  buildings,  including  2  cotton  factories,  7  flour- 
ing mills,  tan  yard,  morocco  factory,  2  iron  foundries, 
6  machine  shops,  a  snuif  factory,  planter,  planing,  and 


I 


MONTREAL  TO  KI.XGSTOfT. 


1 


59 


les. 


saw  mills,  2  ship  ynrd»,  &c.  The  town  and  hnrhor 
ore  dcfondod  by  fort  Ontario,  sitiiatrd  oti  the  right 
bank  of  the  river,  at  its  confliionco  wiih  lake  O.iturio. 
The  site  of  old  fort  Oswego,  whicii  wnf  on  the  oppo. 
site  side  of  the  river,  is  now  occupied  hy  a  ship  yard, 
a  marine  railway,  and  '.varchouses.  The  Oswc'so 
canal  extends  hence  to  Syracusp,  a  distance  of  38 
miles,  where  it  intersects  the  Erie  canal. 

Oswego,  which  has  a  po|)ulation  of  not  less  than 
5,000,  islho^nost  populous  and  commercial  lown  on 
the  shore  of  lake  Ontario,  and  i'^  manufactures  arc 
vast  and  various.  The  Oswego  river  affords  an  al- 
most unlimited  water  power,  which  is  employed  by 
irany  of  the  factories  and  workshops  ;  and  its  means 
of  inler-commimicalion  are  not  less  important. 

Cohurg  and  Port  Hope  are  two  small  vil!ai:eR  of 
Newcastle  district,  Canada  West. 

Toronto^  formerly  the  peat  of  government  for 
Upper  Canada,  is  beautifully  situated  within  an  ex. 
eullent  harbor,  formed  by  a  peninsula,  which  con. 
fines  a  basin  of  water  sufficiently  capacious  to  con. 
tain  a  large  fleet.  It  was  originally  called  York, 
which  name  was  changed  to  that  of  Toronto  a  short 
time  prior  to  the  late  disturbances  in  Canada,  which 
Ht  once  deprived  the  place  of  its  consequence  as  the 
scat  of  government,  and  also  led  to  the  'bolition  of  the 
constitutional  system,  which,  until  then,  had  been  in 
operation. 

Niagara  Villagep  a  small  settlement  and  fort  on 
the  west  bank  of  Niagara  river,  at  its  entrance  into 
lake  Ontario. 

QueenatoUf  a  small  viMage  of  Niagara  district, 
Canada  West,  situated  on  Niagara  river,  neatly  op. 
posite  to  Lewistown. 

The  battle  of  Queenston,  in  which  the  British 
General,  Brock,  was  killed,  October  13,  1812,  was 
fought  oi'i  the  heights  near  the  village,  upon  which  a 
monument  to  the  memory  of  Brock  has  been  erected. 

Niagara  Falla.f 


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INDEX. 


A  PAGE. 

Acquackanonk 4*2 

Albany 57 

Albany,  routes  from  59 

Albion 77 

Alden 68 

Alexandria 83 

Am»terdam 60 

Angelica  106 

Antwerp 102 

Argyle  88 

Astoria 24 

Athens 55 

Attica 68 

Avon  springs 107 

Auburn 63 

B 

Baie 148 

Baker»s  falls 85 

Ballston  lake 80 

Ballston  Spa 79 

Barnegat  52 

Batavia 67 

Bath 108 

Batiscon 149 

Beaufort 156 

Beaumont 156 

Bedford  25 

Bedlow*s  island 29 

Bemu's  heights  89 

Bergen 67 

Bergen,  N.  Y 72 


PAGK. 

Berthier 156 

Binghamton 104 

Blackrock 69 

Bloomingdole 28 

Booneville 100 

Bordentown 30 

Boston 115 

Boucherville 347 

Bridgeport 118 

Bridgeport 64 

Brighton •...  26 

Bristol..- 39 

Bristol 54 

Brockport..., 77 

Brockville 158 

Brooklyn  23 

Brownville 101 

Buffalo 68 

Buffalo,  routes  from  109 

Bull's  ferry 44 

Burlington 91 

Burlington,  N.  J.  ...  SO 
C     -*■  u<- 

Cohoes  falls 74 

Caledonia 106 

Caldwell 82 

Caldwell's  landing. .  49 

Camillus   63 

Canaan  falls, 119 

Canada,  general  view  120 

Canajoharie 74 


i 


?! 


_Zi_^ 


mmif 


mitm" 


162 


INDEX. 


PAGE. 

Canals  of  N.Y 10 

Canandaigua 65 

Cape  Tourment 156 

CapeSaiite 149 

Cascades 157 

Canastota 75 

Canterbury 118 

Carthage 102 

Castle  Williams 29 

Caughnewaga .......     60 

Catskiil 55 

Cayuga 64 

Cayuga  lake 64 

Cedres 157 

Charlesbourg 156 

Chatham  4 

Charlton 95 

Four  Corners 93 

Chaudiere  falls  156 

Chenango  forks 104 

Cherry  Valley 90 

Chester  94 

Chester,  N.J 40 

Chittenango 75 

Chrysler's  field 158 

Churchville 67 

Champlain 149 

Cleveland  109 

Clyde 76 

Coeymans 56 

Coburg   159 

Cold  Spring 50 

Columbiaville 56 

Columbus 53 

Gonaeaut..: 109 

Connecticut  river....  114 

Coney  island 25 

Cooperstown .........    91 


PA08. 

Cotcau  du  Lac 157 

Cornwall 119 

Cornwall  Con 158 

Cortland 92 

Coxsackie 56 

Crooked  lake 65 

Croton 47 

Croton  aqueduct  ....     47 

Croton  river 47 

Crown  point 85 

D 

Dalton  94 

Dansville 107 

Dechambault 149 

Dekalb 102 

Denmark 100 

Derrvter 92 

Detroit *.  HO 

D>bb's  ferry 45 

Duanesburg 90 

Dunkirk 109 

E 

Earlville 103 

Gaston 88 

Easton,  Pa 41 

Eddyville 54 

Elbridge 63 

Eiizabethtown 32 

Elizabethport 29 

Erie 109 

Esperance 90 

Essex 86 

F 

Fairport 77 

Falkner's  islands....  114 

Fishkill &1 

Flatbush 25 

Flushing 24 


INDEX. 


163 


PAOE. 


Flushing  bay 113    Hartford,  N.  J. 


Fonda 67 

Fort  Ann 90 

Fort  Clinton 49 

Fort  Edward 89 

Fort  Hamilton 25 

Fort  Lee 44 

Fort  Miller 89 

Fort  Montgomery  ...  49 

Fort  Plain 74 

Fort  Schlosser 70 

Fortsville 81 

Framingham 95 

Frankfort 74 

Fredonia  Ill 

Fultonville 74 

G 

Geddea 75 

Gepcsee  falls 67 

Gcneseo 107 

Geneva 65 

German  Valley 40 

Glasgow  54 

Glenn's  falls 82 

Glenville  60 

Gravesend 25 

Gregoire  148 

Grondines 149 

Granville  88 

Greenbush 57 

Greene 104 

H 

Hamburg 52 

Hamburg Ill 

Hamilton 103 

Hamilton,  Con 158 

Harlem 28 

Htnimus 27 


FAOE. 

.    88 


Hartford,  Con 120 

Hastings 45 

Haverstraw 47 

Hell  Gate 112 

Henrietta 107 

Herkimer 62 

Herkimer  bridge  ....  74 

Highlands  48 

Hightstown  30 

Hoboken  27 

Holly  77 

Hudson 55 

Hudson  river 43 

Hulberton 77 

Hyde  Park 53 

I 

Irving Ill 

Ithaca 92 

J      .. 

Jamaica 24 

Jersey  City 27 

Jessup's  falls 82 

Jewett'sCity 118 

Jordan 75 

K        ,. 

Kent 119 

Kinderhook 93 

Kinderhook  landing    56 

Kingsbridge  45 

Kingsbury 85 

Kingston  115 

Kingston,  Con 158 

Kingston  54 

Knowlesville 77 

La  Chine 157 


(■; 


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mumms^. 


«■■ 


1G4 


IfTDKX. 


rAO.E 

Lake  George  ..^ 82 

Lake  St.  Francis,...   158 

Lake  St.  Peter 148 

La  Prairie 87 

Lancaster 68 

Lansingburg 87 

Lenox   63 

Liberty  108 

Little  falls 61 

Liverpool 149 

Lockport  78 

Lodi 75 

Long  island  sound...  113 

Lorette 156 

Long  Saut  island  ...  158 

Lotbiniere  149 

Lowville 100 

Lyons   76 

M 

Madison   103 

Manhattanville 28 

Manlius  Centre 75 

Martinsburg  100 

Matouchin 34 

Mansfield 41 

Marlboro* 52 

ATartinsville 50 

Matteawan  51 

Mechanicsville  89 

Medina 77 

Meriden 120 

Mendham  40 

Middleport 77 

Middletown 24 

Milton 52 

Montezuma 76 

Montmorenci 156 

Montreal 143 

Montrebli  rls.frm.  84.147 


Morgan ville  ..... 

Morristown 

Moscow 

Mount  Morris  

N 

Newark,  N.  .1 .' 

Newark.  N.Y 

New  Baltimore 

New  Boston 

New  Brunswick  .... 

Newburg  

New  Hartford 

New  Haven 

New  Haven  harbor. 
New  London,  Con.. 
New  London,  N.  Y. 
New  Paltz  landing  , 

New  Milford 

New  Rochelie  land*g 

Newtown,  Con 

Newtown 

New  Windsor 

New  Utrecht 

New  York  State,  gen. 

eral  view 

New  York  city 

New  Y.,  routes  from 

Niagara  falls 

Niagara  village 

Noraye   

Norwich 

Norwich,  Con 

Nunda  Vallev 

Nyack 

O 

Ogdensburg 

Olean 

Olean,  routes  from... 
Oriskany 


PAOH. 

.  67 
.  40 
.  106 
.  106 


76 

56 

75 

34 

50 

103 

119 

114 

117 

75 

53 

118 

113 

118 

24 

50 

25 

5 

14 
lis 

70 
159 
148 
104 
117 
106 

46 

102 

106 

106 

75 


INDEX* 


165 


PAGE. 

Orleans  island 156 

Oswego  158 

Owasco  lake 63 

Oxford  104 

Oxford,  Mass 118 

P 

Palatine  bridge  61 

Palisades :..  44 

Palmer 94 

Palmyra 76 

Paris  Hill 103 

Passaic  falls 42 

Peekskill 49 

Pendleton 78 

Pelliam 53 

Piermont  45 

Pine  Orchard 65 

Pittsfield 93 

Perth  Amboy 29 

Piftsford 77 

Plattsburg  86 

Point  du  Lac 148 

I'oint  Levy 156 

)*()rt  Byron 76 

Port  Gibson 76 

Port  Hope 159 

Port  Kent 86 

Poughkeepsie 52 

Prescott... 158 

Princeton 35 

Providence 115 

Q 

Quebec 149 

Quebec,  environs  of  149 
Queenston 159 

R 
Rahway 33 

Kailroads  of  N.  Y.  .       9 

Ked  Hook  landing...    54 


TAGE 

Remsen 100 

Rhynbcck 53 

Richmond  93 

Robins  Reef 29 

Rochester 66 

Rochester,  rts.   from  105 

Rockaway 25 

Rome 69 

Round  lake  80 

Rouse's  Point 86 

S 

St.  Pierre 156 

St.  Laurent  156 

St.  Jean 156 

St.  Francois ].')6 

St.  Foi 156 

St.  Joseph 156 

St.  Michel 156 

St.  Vallier 156 

St.  Regis.... 158 

St.  Augustine 149 

St.  Nicolas 149 

St.Anne 149 

St.  Croix 149 

St.  John's 87 

St.  Francis 148 

St.  Johnsville 61 

St.  Pcrre 149 

St.  Isabelie 148 

St.  Suipice 148 

Sacketi's  Harbor....  101 

Sandy  Hill 84 

Sandusky 110 

Saratoga  lake 81 

Saratoga  springs  ....  80 

Saugerties  54 

Schagticoke 88 

Schodack 56 

Schenectady  ,..,,,...  GO 

'r.:rty''  ■  — >  -  -    ■-.^,  -..■,.».-  -.^^ 

■   ',"■  ■"     "      "  ~i       ■■  ■?  -    ■"■-., 


v.. 


i 


iBP 


wmm 


166 


IIVDEX. 


PA6R. 

Schooley's  Mt.  Spr.  41 

Schuylersvilio 89 

Scottsville 106 

Seneca  Lake 64 

Sharon  Springs 90 

Sherburne  103 

Sleepy  Hollow 46 

Smyrna 92 

Sing  Sing 46 

Somerville  102 

South  Amboy  29 

Sonbrouze 156 

Spencersvilie 77 

Springfield 94 

Spotsvvood 30 

Spuyton  Duyvel  Crk.  45 

Stamford  113 

Statesburg 53 

Stillwater 89 

Stonington 114 

Stony  Point 48 

Stratford  Point 113 

Syracuse  62 

T 

Tappan  46 

Tappan  Sea 46 

Tarrytown 46 

Tellers  Point 47 

Thames  River 114 

Thompson 118 

Three  Rivers 148 

Throg's  Point 113 

Ticonderoga  83 

Tivoli 54 

Tompkinsville 26 

Tonawanda   69 

Toronto ^..  159 

Trenton 100 

Trenton.  N.J 37 


PAQC 

Tripe's  Hill 60 

Troy 95 

Troy,  routes  from  ...  97 

Truxtun 92 

Turin 100 

U 

Utica 98 

Utica,  routes  from  ...  100 

V        r 

Valtrie 148 

Vnrennes 148 

Verplanck's  City  ....  48 

Victor 66 

Vie^'^iia 65 

Wallingford 120 

Warren  94 

Washington,  Mass..  94 

Waterford 88 

Waterloo  64 

Watertown 100 

Waterville 103 

Wehawken 28 

Weslfield Ill 

Westport  85 

Westchester 28 

West  Point 49 

West  Sprinyfield  ....  94 

West  Stockbridge...  119 

West  Troy 73 

Whitehall  85 

Whitesboro* 62 

Williamsbdrg 23 

William  Henry 148 

Worcester 95 

y      . 

Vamaska 148 

Yonkers   45 


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Hki    RECENTLY    PUBMIIIED,   AND    KOn    SALE, 


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